refactor(video2x): split the CLI into multiple files; improve CLI args validation (#1247)

Signed-off-by: k4yt3x <i@k4yt3x.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 - Improve error handling and error messages.
 - Improve the CLI help message structure and clarity.
+- Improve CLI argument validation.
 
 ### Removed
 

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -332,7 +332,6 @@ if(BUILD_VIDEO2X_CLI)
         ${ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS}
         ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
         ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include/libvideo2x
         ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/video2x/include
     )
 

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 <p align="center">
-   <img src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5cd63373-e806-474f-94ec-6e04963bf90f"/>
+   <img src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5cd63373-e806-474f-94ec-6e04963bf90f"
+        alt="Video2X: A machine learning-based video super resolution and frame interpolation framework."/>
    </br>
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/k4yt3x/video2x?style=flat-square"/>
    <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/k4yt3x/video2x/total?style=flat-square"/>
@@ -69,15 +70,7 @@ Join our Telegram discussion group to ask any questions you have about Video2X,
 
 Comprehensive documentation for Video2X is available at [https://docs.video2x.org/](https://docs.video2x.org/). It offers detailed instructions on how to [build](https://docs.video2x.org/building/index.html), [install](https://docs.video2x.org/installing/index.html), [use](https://docs.video2x.org/running/index.html), and [develop](https://docs.video2x.org/developing/index.html) with this program.
 
-## 🔰 Introduction
-
-Video2X is a machine-learning-powered framework for video upscaling and frame interpolation, built around three main components:
-
-- [libvideo2x](https://github.com/k4yt3x/video2x/blob/master/src/libvideo2x.cpp): The core C++ library providing upscaling and frame interpolation capabilities.
-- [Video2X CLI](https://github.com/k4yt3x/video2x/blob/master/src/video2x.c): A command-line interface that utilizes `libvideo2x` for video processing.
-- [Video2X Qt6](https://github.com/k4yt3x/video2x-qt6): A Qt6-based graphical interface that utilizes `libvideo2x` for video processing.
-
-### Video Demos
+## 📽️ Video Demos (Outdated)
 
 ![Spirited Away Demo](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/21986859/49412428-65083280-f73a-11e8-8237-bb34158a545e.png)\
 _Upscale demo: Spirited Away's movie trailer_

include/libvideo2x/avutils.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef AVUTILS_H
-#define AVUTILS_H
+#pragma once
 
 extern "C" {
 #include <libavformat/avformat.h>
@@ -18,5 +17,3 @@ void av_bufferref_deleter(AVBufferRef *bufferref);
 void av_frame_deleter(AVFrame *frame);
 
 void av_packet_deleter(AVPacket *packet);
-
-#endif  // AVUTILS_H

include/libvideo2x/conversions.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef CONVERSIONS_H
-#define CONVERSIONS_H
+#pragma once
 
 extern "C" {
 #include <libavutil/frame.h>
@@ -16,5 +15,3 @@ ncnn::Mat avframe_to_ncnn_mat(AVFrame *frame);
 
 // Convert ncnn::Mat to AVFrame
 AVFrame *ncnn_mat_to_avframe(const ncnn::Mat &mat, AVPixelFormat pix_fmt);
-
-#endif  // CONVERSIONS_H

include/libvideo2x/decoder.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef DECODER_H
-#define DECODER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <filesystem>
 
@@ -27,5 +26,3 @@ class Decoder {
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx_;
     int in_vstream_idx_;
 };
-
-#endif  // DECODER_H

include/libvideo2x/encoder.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef ENCODER_H
-#define ENCODER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <filesystem>
@@ -16,34 +15,32 @@ extern "C" {
 // Encoder configurations
 struct EncoderConfig {
     // Non-AVCodecContext options
-    AVCodecID codec;
-    bool copy_streams;
+    AVCodecID codec = AV_CODEC_ID_NONE;
+    bool copy_streams = true;
 
     // Basic video options
-    int width;
-    int height;
-    int frm_rate_mul;
-    AVPixelFormat pix_fmt;
+    int frm_rate_mul = 0;
+    AVPixelFormat pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
 
     // Rate control and compression
-    int64_t bit_rate;
-    int rc_buffer_size;
-    int rc_min_rate;
-    int rc_max_rate;
-    int qmin;
-    int qmax;
+    int64_t bit_rate = 0;
+    int rc_buffer_size = 0;
+    int rc_min_rate = 0;
+    int rc_max_rate = 0;
+    int qmin = -1;
+    int qmax = -1;
 
     // GOP and frame structure
-    int gop_size;
-    int max_b_frames;
-    int keyint_min;
-    int refs;
+    int gop_size = -1;
+    int max_b_frames = -1;
+    int keyint_min = -1;
+    int refs = -1;
 
     // Performance and threading
-    int thread_count;
+    int thread_count = 0;
 
     // Latency and buffering
-    int delay;
+    int delay = -1;
 
     // Extra AVOptions
     std::vector<std::pair<StringType, StringType>> extra_opts;
@@ -60,6 +57,8 @@ class Encoder {
         AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx,
         AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
         EncoderConfig &enc_cfg,
+        int width,
+        int height,
         int in_vstream_idx
     );
 
@@ -77,5 +76,3 @@ class Encoder {
     int out_vstream_idx_;
     int *stream_map_;
 };
-
-#endif  // ENCODER_H

include/libvideo2x/filter_libplacebo.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef FILTER_LIBPLACEBO_H
-#define FILTER_LIBPLACEBO_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <filesystem>
 
@@ -57,5 +56,3 @@ class FilterLibplacebo : public Filter {
     AVRational in_time_base_;
     AVRational out_time_base_;
 };
-
-#endif  // FILTER_LIBPLACEBO_H

include/libvideo2x/filter_realesrgan.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef FILTER_REALESRGAN_H
-#define FILTER_REALESRGAN_H
+#pragma once
 
 extern "C" {
 #include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
@@ -50,5 +49,3 @@ class FilterRealesrgan : public Filter {
     AVRational out_time_base_;
     AVPixelFormat out_pix_fmt_;
 };
-
-#endif  // FILTER_REALESRGAN_H

include/libvideo2x/fsutils.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef FSUTILS_H
-#define FSUTILS_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <filesystem>
 #include <string>
@@ -29,5 +28,3 @@ std::string wstring_to_u8string(const StringType &wstr);
 StringType path_to_string_type(const std::filesystem::path &path);
 
 StringType to_string_type(int value);
-
-#endif  // FSUTILS_H

include/libvideo2x/interpolator_rife.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef INTERPOLATOR_RIFE_H
-#define INTERPOLATOR_RIFE_H
+#pragma once
 
 extern "C" {
 #include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
@@ -55,5 +54,3 @@ class InterpolatorRIFE : public Interpolator {
     AVRational out_time_base_;
     AVPixelFormat out_pix_fmt_;
 };
-
-#endif  // INTERPOLATOR_RIFE_H

include/libvideo2x/libplacebo.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef PLACEBO_H
-#define PLACEBO_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <filesystem>
 
@@ -18,5 +17,3 @@ int init_libplacebo(
     uint32_t vk_device_index,
     const std::filesystem::path &shader_path
 );
-
-#endif  // PLACEBO_H

include/libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef LIBVIDEO2X_H
-#define LIBVIDEO2X_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -26,19 +25,15 @@ extern "C" {
 #define LIBVIDEO2X_API
 #endif
 
-struct HardwareConfig {
-    uint32_t vk_device_index;
-    AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type;
-};
-
 class LIBVIDEO2X_API VideoProcessor {
    public:
     VideoProcessor(
-        const HardwareConfig hw_cfg,
         const ProcessorConfig proc_cfg,
-        EncoderConfig enc_cfg,
-        Video2xLogLevel = Video2xLogLevel::Info,
-        bool benchmark = false
+        const EncoderConfig enc_cfg,
+        const uint32_t vk_device_index = 0,
+        const AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE,
+        const Video2xLogLevel = Video2xLogLevel::Info,
+        const bool benchmark = false
     );
 
     virtual ~VideoProcessor() = default;
@@ -85,9 +80,10 @@ class LIBVIDEO2X_API VideoProcessor {
         AVFrame *proc_frame
     );
 
-    HardwareConfig hw_cfg_;
     ProcessorConfig proc_cfg_;
     EncoderConfig enc_cfg_;
+    uint32_t vk_device_index_ = 0;
+    AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type_ = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE;
     bool benchmark_ = false;
 
     std::atomic<int64_t> frame_index_ = 0;
@@ -96,5 +92,3 @@ class LIBVIDEO2X_API VideoProcessor {
     std::atomic<bool> aborted_ = false;
     std::atomic<bool> completed_ = false;
 };
-
-#endif  // LIBVIDEO2X_H

include/libvideo2x/logging.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef LOGGING_H
-#define LOGGING_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <optional>
 
@@ -19,5 +18,3 @@ enum class Video2xLogLevel {
 void set_log_level(Video2xLogLevel log_level);
 
 std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> find_log_level_by_name(const StringType &log_level_name);
-
-#endif  // LOGGING_H

include/libvideo2x/processor.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef PROCESSOR_H
-#define PROCESSOR_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <variant>
 #include <vector>
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ enum class ProcessingMode {
 };
 
 enum class ProcessorType {
+    None,
     Libplacebo,
     RealESRGAN,
     RIFE,
@@ -28,26 +28,26 @@ struct LibplaceboConfig {
 };
 
 struct RealESRGANConfig {
-    bool tta_mode;
+    bool tta_mode = false;
     StringType model_name;
 };
 
 struct RIFEConfig {
-    bool tta_mode;
-    bool tta_temporal_mode;
-    bool uhd_mode;
-    int num_threads;
+    bool tta_mode = false;
+    bool tta_temporal_mode = false;
+    bool uhd_mode = false;
+    int num_threads = 0;
     StringType model_name;
 };
 
 // Unified filter configuration
 struct ProcessorConfig {
-    ProcessorType processor_type;
-    int width;
-    int height;
-    int scaling_factor;
-    int frm_rate_mul;
-    float scn_det_thresh;
+    ProcessorType processor_type = ProcessorType::None;
+    int width = 0;
+    int height = 0;
+    int scaling_factor = 0;
+    int frm_rate_mul = 0;
+    float scn_det_thresh = 0.0f;
     std::variant<LibplaceboConfig, RealESRGANConfig, RIFEConfig> config;
 };
 
@@ -81,5 +81,3 @@ class Interpolator : public Processor {
     virtual int
     interpolate(AVFrame *prev_frame, AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame, float time_step) = 0;
 };
-
-#endif  // PROCESSOR_H

include/libvideo2x/processor_factory.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef PROCESSOR_FACTORY_H
-#define PROCESSOR_FACTORY_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
@@ -32,5 +31,3 @@ class ProcessorFactory {
     // Static initializer for default processors
     static void init_default_processors(ProcessorFactory &factory);
 };
-
-#endif  // PROCESSOR_FACTORY_H

include/libvideo2x/version.h.in

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-#ifndef VERSION_H
-#define VERSION_H
+#pragma once
 
 #define LIBVIDEO2X_VERSION_STRING "@PROJECT_VERSION@"
-
-#endif  // VERSION_H

src/avutils.cpp

@@ -169,9 +169,8 @@ float get_frame_diff(AVFrame *frame1, AVFrame *frame2) {
         uint8_t *ptr1 = rgb_frame1->data[0] + y * rgb_frame1->linesize[0];
         uint8_t *ptr2 = rgb_frame2->data[0] + y * rgb_frame2->linesize[0];
         for (int x = 0; x < width * 3; x++) {
-            sum_diff += static_cast<uint64_t>(
-                std::abs(static_cast<int>(ptr1[x]) - static_cast<int>(ptr2[x]))
-            );
+            sum_diff +=
+                static_cast<uint64_t>(ptr1[x] > ptr2[x] ? ptr1[x] - ptr2[x] : ptr2[x] - ptr1[x]);
             max_diff += 255;
         }
     }

src/encoder.cpp

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ int Encoder::init(
     AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
     EncoderConfig &enc_cfg,
+    int width,
+    int height,
     int in_vstream_idx
 ) {
     int ret;
@@ -84,8 +86,8 @@ int Encoder::init(
     enc_ctx_->sample_aspect_ratio = dec_ctx->sample_aspect_ratio;
 
     // Set basic video options
-    enc_ctx_->width = enc_cfg.width;
-    enc_ctx_->height = enc_cfg.height;
+    enc_ctx_->width = width;
+    enc_ctx_->height = height;
 
     // Set rate control and compression options
     enc_ctx_->bit_rate = enc_cfg.bit_rate;

src/fsutils.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "fsutils.h"
 
 #if _WIN32
-#include <windows.h>
+#include <Windows.h>
 #include <cwchar>
 #else
 #include <unistd.h>

src/libvideo2x.cpp

@@ -14,13 +14,18 @@ extern "C" {
 #include "processor_factory.h"
 
 VideoProcessor::VideoProcessor(
-    const HardwareConfig hw_cfg,
     const ProcessorConfig proc_cfg,
     const EncoderConfig enc_cfg,
-    Video2xLogLevel log_level,
-    bool benchmark
+    const uint32_t vk_device_index,
+    const AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type,
+    const Video2xLogLevel log_level,
+    const bool benchmark
 )
-    : hw_cfg_(hw_cfg), proc_cfg_(proc_cfg), enc_cfg_(enc_cfg), benchmark_(benchmark) {
+    : proc_cfg_(proc_cfg),
+      enc_cfg_(enc_cfg),
+      vk_device_index_(vk_device_index),
+      hw_device_type_(hw_device_type),
+      benchmark_(benchmark) {
     set_log_level(log_level);
 }
 
@@ -37,9 +42,9 @@ int VideoProcessor::process(
     );
 
     // Initialize hardware device context
-    if (hw_cfg_.hw_device_type != AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE) {
+    if (hw_device_type_ != AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE) {
         AVBufferRef *tmp_hw_ctx = nullptr;
-        ret = av_hwdevice_ctx_create(&tmp_hw_ctx, hw_cfg_.hw_device_type, NULL, NULL, 0);
+        ret = av_hwdevice_ctx_create(&tmp_hw_ctx, hw_device_type_, NULL, NULL, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
             spdlog::critical("Error initializing hardware device context: {}", errbuf);
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ int VideoProcessor::process(
 
     // Initialize input decoder
     Decoder decoder;
-    ret = decoder.init(hw_cfg_.hw_device_type, hw_ctx.get(), in_fname);
+    ret = decoder.init(hw_device_type_, hw_ctx.get(), in_fname);
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::critical("Failed to initialize decoder: {}", errbuf);
@@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ int VideoProcessor::process(
 
     // Create and initialize the appropriate filter
     std::unique_ptr<Processor> processor(
-        ProcessorFactory::instance().create_processor(proc_cfg_, hw_cfg_.vk_device_index)
+        ProcessorFactory::instance().create_processor(proc_cfg_, vk_device_index_)
     );
     if (processor == nullptr) {
         spdlog::critical("Failed to create filter instance");
@@ -80,16 +85,21 @@ int VideoProcessor::process(
         return -1;
     }
 
-    // Update encoder output dimensions
-    enc_cfg_.width = output_width;
-    enc_cfg_.height = output_height;
-
     // Update encoder frame rate multiplier
     enc_cfg_.frm_rate_mul = proc_cfg_.frm_rate_mul;
 
     // Initialize the encoder
     Encoder encoder;
-    ret = encoder.init(hw_ctx.get(), out_fname, ifmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_cfg_, in_vstream_idx);
+    ret = encoder.init(
+        hw_ctx.get(),
+        out_fname,
+        ifmt_ctx,
+        dec_ctx,
+        enc_cfg_,
+        output_width,
+        output_height,
+        in_vstream_idx
+    );
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::critical("Failed to initialize encoder: {}", errbuf);

tools/video2x/include/argparse.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+
+// Structure to hold parsed arguments
+struct Arguments {
+    Video2xLogLevel log_level = Video2xLogLevel::Info;
+    bool no_progress = false;
+
+    // General options
+    std::filesystem::path in_fname;
+    std::filesystem::path out_fname;
+    uint32_t vk_device_index = 0;
+    AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE;
+    bool benchmark = false;
+};
+
+[[nodiscard]] int parse_args(
+    int argc,
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    wchar_t *argv[],
+#else
+    char *argv[],
+#endif
+    Arguments &arguments,
+    ProcessorConfig &proc_cfg,
+    EncoderConfig &enc_cfg
+);

tools/video2x/include/logging.h

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include <libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h>
+#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
+
+extern std::atomic<bool> newline_required;
+
+void set_spdlog_level(Video2xLogLevel log_level);
+
+std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> find_log_level_by_name(const StringType &log_level_name);
+
+void newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback(void *ptr, int level, const char *fmt, va_list vl);

tools/video2x/include/timer.h

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef TIMER_H
-#define TIMER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -30,5 +29,3 @@ class Timer {
 
     void update_elapsed_time();
 };
-
-#endif  // TIMER_H

tools/video2x/include/validators.h

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <libvideo2x/fsutils.h>
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+template <typename T>
+void validate_positive(const T &value, const std::string &option_name) {
+    if (value < 0) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            option_name,
+            option_name + " must be positive"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void validate_min(const T &value, const std::string &option_name, const T &min) {
+    if (value < min) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            option_name,
+            option_name + " must be at least " + std::to_string(min)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void validate_max(const T &value, const std::string &option_name, const T &max) {
+    if (value > max) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            option_name,
+            option_name + " must be at most " + std::to_string(max)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void validate_range(const T &value, const std::string &option_name, const T &min, const T &max) {
+    if (value < min || value > max) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            option_name,
+            option_name + " must be in the range [" + std::to_string(min) + ", " +
+                std::to_string(max) + "]"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void validate_greater_equal_one(const T &value, const std::string &option_name) {
+    if (value < 1) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            option_name,
+            option_name + " must be greater than or equal to 1"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+void validate_anime4k_shader_name(const StringType &shader_name);
+
+void validate_realesrgan_model_name(const StringType &model_name);
+
+void validate_rife_model_name(const StringType &model_name);

tools/video2x/include/vulkan_utils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+int list_vulkan_devices();
+
+int get_vulkan_device_prop(uint32_t vk_device_index, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties *dev_props);

tools/video2x/src/argparse.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+#include "argparse.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#if _WIN32
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <cwchar>
+#endif
+
+#include <libvideo2x/version.h>
+#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
+#include <vulkan_utils.h>
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+#include "logging.h"
+#include "validators.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS_WCHAR_T
+#define PO_STR_VALUE po::wvalue
+#else
+#define PO_STR_VALUE po::value
+#endif
+
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+std::string wstring_to_u8string(const std::wstring &wstr) {
+    if (wstr.empty()) {
+        return std::string();
+    }
+    int size_needed = WideCharToMultiByte(
+        CP_UTF8, 0, wstr.data(), static_cast<int>(wstr.size()), nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr
+    );
+    std::string converted_str(size_needed, 0);
+    WideCharToMultiByte(
+        CP_UTF8,
+        0,
+        wstr.data(),
+        static_cast<int>(wstr.size()),
+        &converted_str[0],
+        size_needed,
+        nullptr,
+        nullptr
+    );
+    return converted_str;
+}
+#else
+std::string wstring_to_u8string(const std::string &str) {
+    return str;
+}
+#endif
+
+int parse_args(
+    int argc,
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    wchar_t *argv[],
+#else
+    char *argv[],
+#endif
+    Arguments &arguments,
+    ProcessorConfig &proc_cfg,
+    EncoderConfig &enc_cfg
+) {
+    try {
+        // clang-format off
+        po::options_description all_opts("General options");
+        all_opts.add_options()
+            ("help", "Display this help page")
+            ("version,V", "Print program version and exit")
+            ("log-level", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()->default_value(STR("info"), "info"),
+                "Set verbosity level (trace, debug, info, warn, error, critical, none)")
+            ("no-progress", po::bool_switch(&arguments.no_progress),
+                "Do not display the progress bar")
+            ("list-devices,l", "List the available Vulkan devices (GPUs)")
+
+            // General Processing Options
+            ("input,i", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(), "Input video file path")
+            ("output,o", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(), "Output video file path")
+            ("processor,p", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(),
+                "Processor to use (libplacebo, realesrgan, rife)")
+            ("hwaccel,a", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()->default_value(STR("none"), "none"),
+                "Hardware acceleration method (decoding)")
+            ("device,d", po::value<uint32_t>(&arguments.vk_device_index)->default_value(0),
+                "Vulkan device index (GPU ID)")
+            ("benchmark,b", po::bool_switch(&arguments.benchmark),
+                "Discard processed frames and calculate average FPS; "
+                "useful for detecting encoder bottlenecks")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description encoder_opts("Encoder options");
+        encoder_opts.add_options()
+            ("codec,c", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()->default_value(STR("libx264"), "libx264"),
+                "Output codec")
+            ("no-copy-streams", "Do not copy audio and subtitle streams")
+            ("pix-fmt", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(), "Output pixel format")
+            ("bit-rate", po::value<int64_t>(&enc_cfg.bit_rate)->default_value(0),
+                "Bitrate in bits per second")
+            ("rc-buffer-size", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.rc_buffer_size)->default_value(0),
+                "Rate control buffer size in bits")
+            ("rc-min-rate", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.rc_min_rate)->default_value(0),
+                "Minimum rate control")
+            ("rc-max-rate", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.rc_max_rate)->default_value(0),
+                "Maximum rate control")
+            ("qmin", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.qmin)->default_value(-1), "Minimum quantizer")
+            ("qmax", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.qmax)->default_value(-1), "Maximum quantizer")
+            ("gop-size", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.gop_size)->default_value(-1),
+                "Group of pictures structure size")
+            ("max-b-frames", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.max_b_frames)->default_value(-1),
+                "Maximum number of B-frames")
+            ("keyint-min", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.keyint_min)->default_value(-1),
+                "Minimum interval between keyframes")
+            ("refs", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.refs)->default_value(-1),
+                "Number of reference frames")
+            ("thread-count", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.thread_count)->default_value(0),
+                "Number of threads for encoding")
+            ("delay", po::value<int>(&enc_cfg.delay)->default_value(0),
+                "Delay in milliseconds for encoder")
+
+            // Extra encoder options (key-value pairs)
+            ("extra-encoder-option,e", PO_STR_VALUE<std::vector<StringType>>()->multitoken(),
+                "Additional AVOption(s) for the encoder (format: -e key=value)")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description upscale_opts("Upscaling options");
+        upscale_opts.add_options()
+            ("width,w", po::value<int>(&proc_cfg.width)
+                ->notifier([](int v) { validate_greater_equal_one(v, "width"); }), "Output width")
+            ("height,h", po::value<int>(&proc_cfg.height)
+                ->notifier([](int v) { validate_greater_equal_one(v, "height"); }), "Output height")
+            ("scaling-factor,s", po::value<int>(&proc_cfg.scaling_factor)
+                ->notifier([](int v) { validate_min(v, "scaling-factor", 2); }), "Scaling factor")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description interp_opts("Frame interpolation options");
+        interp_opts.add_options()
+            ("frame-rate-mul,m", po::value<int>(&proc_cfg.frm_rate_mul)
+                ->notifier([](int v) { validate_min(v, "frame-rate-mul", 2); }),
+                "Frame rate multiplier")
+            ("scene-thresh,t", po::value<float>(&proc_cfg.scn_det_thresh)->default_value(20.0f)
+                ->notifier([](float v) { validate_range<float>(v, "scene-thresh", 0.0, 100.0); }),
+                "Scene detection threshold")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description libplacebo_opts("libplacebo options");
+        libplacebo_opts.add_options()
+            ("libplacebo-shader", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()
+                ->default_value(STR("anime4k-v4-a"), "anime4k-v4-a")
+                ->notifier(validate_anime4k_shader_name),
+                "Name/path of the GLSL shader file to use (built-in: anime4k-v4-a, anime4k-v4-a+a, "
+                "anime4k-v4-b, anime4k-v4-b+b, anime4k-v4-c, anime4k-v4-c+a, anime4k-v4.1-gan)")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description realesrgan_opts("RealESRGAN options");
+        realesrgan_opts.add_options()
+            ("realesrgan-model", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()
+                ->default_value(STR("realesr-animevideov3"), "realesr-animevideov3")
+                ->notifier(validate_realesrgan_model_name),
+                "Name of the RealESRGAN model to use (realesr-animevideov3, realesrgan-plus-anime, "
+                "realesrgan-plus)")
+        ;
+
+        po::options_description rife_opts("RIFE options");
+        rife_opts.add_options()
+            ("rife-model", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()->default_value(STR("rife-v4.6"), "rife-v4.6")
+                ->notifier(validate_rife_model_name),
+                "Name of the RIFE model to use (rife, rife-HD, rife-UHD, rife-anime, rife-v2, "
+                "rife-v2.3, rife-v2.4, rife-v3.0, rife-v3.1, rife-v4, rife-v4.6)")
+            ("rife-uhd", "Enable Ultra HD mode")
+        ;
+        // clang-format on
+
+        // Combine all options
+        all_opts.add(encoder_opts)
+            .add(upscale_opts)
+            .add(interp_opts)
+            .add(libplacebo_opts)
+            .add(realesrgan_opts)
+            .add(rife_opts);
+
+        po::variables_map vm;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        po::store(po::wcommand_line_parser(argc, argv).options(all_opts).run(), vm);
+#else
+        po::store(po::command_line_parser(argc, argv).options(all_opts).run(), vm);
+#endif
+        po::notify(vm);
+
+        if (vm.count("help") || argc == 1) {
+            std::cout
+                << all_opts << std::endl
+                << "Examples:" << std::endl
+                << "  Upscale an anime video to 4K using libplacebo:" << std::endl
+                << "    video2x -i input.mp4 -o output.mp4 -w 3840 -h 2160 \\" << std::endl
+                << "      -p libplacebo --libplacebo-shader anime4k-v4-a+a" << std::endl
+                << std::endl
+                << "  Upscale a film by 4x using RealESRGAN with custom encoder options:"
+                << std::endl
+                << "    video2x -i input.mkv -o output.mkv -s 4 \\" << std::endl
+                << "      -p realesrgan --realesrgan-model realesrgan-plus \\" << std::endl
+                << "      -c libx264rgb -e crf=17 -e preset=veryslow -e tune=film" << std::endl
+                << std::endl
+                << "  Frame-interpolate a video using RIFE to 4x the original frame rate:"
+                << std::endl
+                << "    video2x -i input.mp4 -o output.mp4 -m 4 -p rife --rife-model rife-v4.6"
+                << std::endl;
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (vm.count("version")) {
+            std::cout << "Video2X version " << LIBVIDEO2X_VERSION_STRING << std::endl;
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (vm.count("list-devices")) {
+            if (list_vulkan_devices()) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (vm.count("log-level")) {
+            std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> log_level =
+                find_log_level_by_name(vm["log-level"].as<StringType>());
+            if (!log_level.has_value()) {
+                spdlog::critical("Invalid log level specified.");
+                return -1;
+            }
+            arguments.log_level = log_level.value();
+        }
+        set_spdlog_level(arguments.log_level);
+
+        // Print program banner
+        spdlog::info("Video2X version {}", LIBVIDEO2X_VERSION_STRING);
+        // spdlog::info("Copyright (C) 2018-2024 K4YT3X and contributors.");
+        // spdlog::info("Licensed under GNU AGPL version 3.");
+
+        // Assign positional arguments
+        if (vm.count("input")) {
+            arguments.in_fname = std::filesystem::path(vm["input"].as<StringType>());
+            spdlog::info("Processing file: {}", arguments.in_fname.u8string());
+        } else {
+            spdlog::critical("Input file path is required.");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (vm.count("output")) {
+            arguments.out_fname = std::filesystem::path(vm["output"].as<StringType>());
+        } else if (!arguments.benchmark) {
+            spdlog::critical("Output file path is required.");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        // Parse processor type
+        if (vm.count("processor")) {
+            StringType processor_type_str = vm["processor"].as<StringType>();
+            if (processor_type_str == STR("libplacebo")) {
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::Libplacebo;
+            } else if (processor_type_str == STR("realesrgan")) {
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RealESRGAN;
+            } else if (processor_type_str == STR("rife")) {
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RIFE;
+            } else {
+                spdlog::critical(
+                    "Invalid processor specified. Must be 'libplacebo', 'realesrgan', or 'rife'."
+                );
+                return -1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            spdlog::critical("Processor type is required.");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        // Parse hardware acceleration method
+        arguments.hw_device_type = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE;
+        if (vm.count("hwaccel")) {
+            StringType hwaccel_str = vm["hwaccel"].as<StringType>();
+            if (hwaccel_str != STR("none")) {
+                arguments.hw_device_type =
+                    av_hwdevice_find_type_by_name(wstring_to_u8string(hwaccel_str).c_str());
+                if (arguments.hw_device_type == AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE) {
+                    spdlog::critical(
+                        "Invalid hardware device type '{}'.", wstring_to_u8string(hwaccel_str)
+                    );
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse codec to AVCodec
+        enc_cfg.codec = AV_CODEC_ID_H264;
+        if (vm.count("codec")) {
+            StringType codec_str = vm["codec"].as<StringType>();
+            const AVCodec *codec =
+                avcodec_find_encoder_by_name(wstring_to_u8string(codec_str).c_str());
+            if (codec == nullptr) {
+                spdlog::critical("Codec '{}' not found.", wstring_to_u8string(codec_str));
+                return -1;
+            }
+            enc_cfg.codec = codec->id;
+        }
+
+        // Parse copy streams flag
+        enc_cfg.copy_streams = vm.count("no-copy-streams") == 0;
+
+        // Parse pixel format to AVPixelFormat
+        enc_cfg.pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
+        if (vm.count("pix-fmt")) {
+            StringType pix_fmt_str = vm["pix-fmt"].as<StringType>();
+            if (!pix_fmt_str.empty()) {
+                enc_cfg.pix_fmt = av_get_pix_fmt(wstring_to_u8string(pix_fmt_str).c_str());
+                if (enc_cfg.pix_fmt == AV_PIX_FMT_NONE) {
+                    spdlog::critical(
+                        "Invalid pixel format '{}'.", wstring_to_u8string(pix_fmt_str)
+                    );
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse extra AVOptions
+        if (vm.count("extra-encoder-option")) {
+            for (const auto &opt : vm["extra-encoder-option"].as<std::vector<StringType>>()) {
+                size_t eq_pos = opt.find('=');
+                if (eq_pos != StringType::npos) {
+                    StringType key = opt.substr(0, eq_pos);
+                    StringType value = opt.substr(eq_pos + 1);
+                    enc_cfg.extra_opts.push_back(std::make_pair(key, value));
+                } else {
+                    spdlog::critical("Invalid extra AVOption format: {}", wstring_to_u8string(opt));
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse processor-specific configurations
+        switch (proc_cfg.processor_type) {
+            case ProcessorType::Libplacebo: {
+                if (!vm.count("libplacebo-shader")) {
+                    spdlog::critical("Shader name/path must be set for libplacebo.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (proc_cfg.width <= 0 || proc_cfg.height <= 0) {
+                    spdlog::critical("Output width and height must be set for libplacebo.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::Libplacebo;
+                LibplaceboConfig libplacebo_config;
+                libplacebo_config.shader_path = vm["libplacebo-shader"].as<StringType>();
+                proc_cfg.config = libplacebo_config;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ProcessorType::RealESRGAN: {
+                if (!vm.count("realesrgan-model")) {
+                    spdlog::critical("RealESRGAN model name must be set for RealESRGAN.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (proc_cfg.scaling_factor != 2 && proc_cfg.scaling_factor != 3 &&
+                    proc_cfg.scaling_factor != 4) {
+                    spdlog::critical("Scaling factor must be set to 2, 3, or 4 for RealESRGAN.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RealESRGAN;
+                RealESRGANConfig realesrgan_config;
+                realesrgan_config.tta_mode = false;
+                realesrgan_config.model_name = vm["realesrgan-model"].as<StringType>();
+                proc_cfg.config = realesrgan_config;
+                break;
+            }
+            case ProcessorType::RIFE: {
+                if (!vm.count("rife-model")) {
+                    spdlog::critical("RIFE model name must be set for RIFE.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (proc_cfg.frm_rate_mul < 2) {
+                    spdlog::critical("Frame rate multiplier must be set to at least 2 for RIFE.");
+                    return -1;
+                }
+
+                proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RIFE;
+                RIFEConfig rife_config;
+                rife_config.tta_mode = false;
+                rife_config.tta_temporal_mode = false;
+                rife_config.uhd_mode = vm.count("rife-uhd") > 0;
+                rife_config.num_threads = 0;
+                rife_config.model_name = vm["rife-model"].as<StringType>();
+                proc_cfg.config = rife_config;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                spdlog::critical("Invalid processor type.");
+                return -1;
+        }
+    } catch (const po::error &e) {
+        spdlog::critical("Error parsing arguments: {}", e.what());
+        return -1;
+    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        spdlog::critical("Unexpected exception caught while parsing options: {}", e.what());
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Validate Vulkan device ID
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties dev_props;
+    int get_vulkan_dev_ret = get_vulkan_device_prop(arguments.vk_device_index, &dev_props);
+    if (get_vulkan_dev_ret != 0) {
+        if (get_vulkan_dev_ret == -2) {
+            spdlog::critical("Invalid Vulkan device ID specified.");
+            return -1;
+        } else {
+            spdlog::warn("Unable to validate Vulkan device ID.");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Warn if the selected device is a CPU
+        spdlog::info("Using Vulkan device: {} ({:#x})", dev_props.deviceName, dev_props.deviceID);
+        if (dev_props.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
+            spdlog::warn("The selected Vulkan device is a CPU device.");
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

tools/video2x/src/logging.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include "logging.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+extern "C" {
+#include <libavutil/log.h>
+}
+
+std::atomic<bool> newline_required = false;
+
+void set_spdlog_level(Video2xLogLevel log_level) {
+    switch (log_level) {
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Trace:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::trace);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Debug:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::debug);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Info:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::info);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Warning:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::warn);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Error:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::err);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Critical:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::critical);
+            break;
+        case Video2xLogLevel::Off:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::off);
+            break;
+        default:
+            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::info);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> find_log_level_by_name(const StringType &log_level_name) {
+    // Static map to store the mapping
+    static const std::unordered_map<StringType, Video2xLogLevel> log_level_map = {
+        {STR("trace"), Video2xLogLevel::Trace},
+        {STR("debug"), Video2xLogLevel::Debug},
+        {STR("info"), Video2xLogLevel::Info},
+        {STR("warning"), Video2xLogLevel::Warning},
+        {STR("warn"), Video2xLogLevel::Warning},
+        {STR("error"), Video2xLogLevel::Error},
+        {STR("critical"), Video2xLogLevel::Critical},
+        {STR("off"), Video2xLogLevel::Off},
+        {STR("none"), Video2xLogLevel::Off}
+    };
+
+    // Normalize the input to lowercase
+    StringType normalized_name = log_level_name;
+    std::transform(
+        normalized_name.begin(), normalized_name.end(), normalized_name.begin(), ::tolower
+    );
+
+    // Lookup the log level in the map
+    auto it = log_level_map.find(normalized_name);
+    if (it != log_level_map.end()) {
+        return it->second;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+// Newline-safe log callback for FFmpeg
+void newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback(void *ptr, int level, const char *fmt, va_list vl) {
+    if (level <= av_log_get_level() && newline_required.load()) {
+        putchar('\n');
+        newline_required.store(false);
+    }
+    av_log_default_callback(ptr, level, fmt, vl);
+}

tools/video2x/src/validators.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include "validators.h"
+
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+void validate_anime4k_shader_name(const StringType &shader_name) {
+    static const std::unordered_set<StringType> valid_anime4k_shaders = {
+        STR("anime4k-v4-a"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4-a+a"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4-b"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4-b+b"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4-c"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4-c+a"),
+        STR("anime4k-v4.1-gan")
+    };
+    if (valid_anime4k_shaders.count(shader_name) == 0 && !std::filesystem::exists(shader_name)) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            "libplacebo-shader",
+            "libplacebo-shader must be one of: anime4k-v4-a, anime4k-v4-a+a, anime4k-v4-b, "
+            "anime4k-v4-b+b, anime4k-v4-c, anime4k-v4-c+a, anime4k-v4.1-gan, or a valid file path"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+void validate_realesrgan_model_name(const StringType &model_name) {
+    static const std::unordered_set<StringType> valid_realesrgan_models = {
+        STR("realesrgan-plus"), STR("realesrgan-plus-anime"), STR("realesr-animevideov3")
+    };
+    if (valid_realesrgan_models.count(model_name) == 0) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            "realesrgan-model",
+            "realesrgan-model must be one of: realesr-animevideov3, realesrgan-plus-anime, "
+            "realesrgan-plus"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+void validate_rife_model_name(const StringType &model_name) {
+    static const std::unordered_set<StringType> valid_realesrgan_models = {
+        STR("rife"),
+        STR("rife-HD"),
+        STR("rife-UHD"),
+        STR("rife-anime"),
+        STR("rife-v2"),
+        STR("rife-v2.3"),
+        STR("rife-v2.4"),
+        STR("rife-v3.0"),
+        STR("rife-v3.1"),
+        STR("rife-v4"),
+        STR("rife-v4.6"),
+    };
+    if (valid_realesrgan_models.count(model_name) == 0) {
+        throw po::validation_error(
+            po::validation_error::invalid_option_value,
+            "rife-model",
+            "RIFE model must be one of: rife, rife-HD, rife-UHD, rife-anime, rife-v2, rife-v2.3, "
+            "rife-v2.4, rife-v3.0, rife-v3.1, rife-v4, rife-v4.6"
+        );
+    }
+}

tools/video2x/src/video2x.cpp

@@ -1,17 +1,4 @@
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <csignal>
-#include <cstdarg>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <filesystem>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_set>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include <Windows.h>
@@ -22,82 +9,12 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
-extern "C" {
-#include <libavcodec/avcodec.h>
-#include <libavformat/avformat.h>
-#include <libavutil/hwcontext.h>
-#include <libavutil/pixdesc.h>
-#include <libavutil/pixfmt.h>
-}
-
-#include <libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h>
-#include <libvideo2x/version.h>
 #include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
-#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#define BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS_WCHAR_T
-#define PO_STR_VALUE po::wvalue
-#else
-#define PO_STR_VALUE po::value
-#endif
-#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
-namespace po = boost::program_options;
 
+#include "argparse.h"
+#include "logging.h"
 #include "timer.h"
 
-// Indicate if a newline needs to be printed before the next output
-std::atomic<bool> newline_required = false;
-
-// Structure to hold parsed arguments
-struct Arguments {
-    Video2xLogLevel log_level = Video2xLogLevel::Info;
-    bool no_progress = false;
-
-    // General options
-    std::filesystem::path in_fname;
-    std::filesystem::path out_fname;
-    StringType processor_type;
-    StringType hwaccel = STR("none");
-    uint32_t vk_device_index = 0;
-    bool no_copy_streams = false;
-    bool benchmark = false;
-
-    // Encoder options
-    StringType codec = STR("libx264");
-    StringType pix_fmt;
-    int64_t bit_rate = 0;
-    int rc_buffer_size = 0;
-    int rc_min_rate = 0;
-    int rc_max_rate = 0;
-    int qmin = -1;
-    int qmax = -1;
-    int gop_size = -1;
-    int max_b_frames = -1;
-    int keyint_min = -1;
-    int refs = -1;
-    int thread_count = 0;
-    int delay = 0;
-    std::vector<std::pair<StringType, StringType>> extra_encoder_opts;
-
-    // General processing options
-    int width = 0;
-    int height = 0;
-    int scaling_factor = 0;
-    int frm_rate_mul = 2;
-    float scn_det_thresh = 0.0f;
-
-    // libplacebo options
-    StringType libplacebo_shader_path;
-
-    // RealESRGAN options
-    StringType realesrgan_model_name = STR("realesr-animevideov3");
-
-    // RIFE options
-    StringType rife_model_name = STR("rife-v4.6");
-    bool rife_uhd_mode = false;
-};
-
 // Set UNIX terminal input to non-blocking mode
 #ifndef _WIN32
 void set_nonblocking_input(bool enable) {
@@ -115,241 +32,11 @@ void set_nonblocking_input(bool enable) {
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-std::string wstring_to_u8string(const std::wstring &wstr) {
-    if (wstr.empty()) {
-        return std::string();
-    }
-    int size_needed = WideCharToMultiByte(
-        CP_UTF8, 0, wstr.data(), static_cast<int>(wstr.size()), nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr
-    );
-    std::string converted_str(size_needed, 0);
-    WideCharToMultiByte(
-        CP_UTF8,
-        0,
-        wstr.data(),
-        static_cast<int>(wstr.size()),
-        &converted_str[0],
-        size_needed,
-        nullptr,
-        nullptr
-    );
-    return converted_str;
-}
-#else
-std::string wstring_to_u8string(const std::string &str) {
-    return str;
-}
-#endif
-
-void set_spdlog_level(Video2xLogLevel log_level) {
-    switch (log_level) {
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Trace:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::trace);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Debug:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::debug);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Info:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::info);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Warning:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::warn);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Error:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::err);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Critical:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::critical);
-            break;
-        case Video2xLogLevel::Off:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::off);
-            break;
-        default:
-            spdlog::set_level(spdlog::level::info);
-            break;
-    }
-}
-
-std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> find_log_level_by_name(const StringType &log_level_name) {
-    // Static map to store the mapping
-    static const std::unordered_map<StringType, Video2xLogLevel> log_level_map = {
-        {STR("trace"), Video2xLogLevel::Trace},
-        {STR("debug"), Video2xLogLevel::Debug},
-        {STR("info"), Video2xLogLevel::Info},
-        {STR("warning"), Video2xLogLevel::Warning},
-        {STR("warn"), Video2xLogLevel::Warning},
-        {STR("error"), Video2xLogLevel::Error},
-        {STR("critical"), Video2xLogLevel::Critical},
-        {STR("off"), Video2xLogLevel::Off},
-        {STR("none"), Video2xLogLevel::Off}
-    };
-
-    // Normalize the input to lowercase
-    StringType normalized_name = log_level_name;
-    std::transform(
-        normalized_name.begin(), normalized_name.end(), normalized_name.begin(), ::tolower
-    );
-
-    // Lookup the log level in the map
-    auto it = log_level_map.find(normalized_name);
-    if (it != log_level_map.end()) {
-        return it->second;
-    }
-
-    return std::nullopt;
-}
-
-// Newline-safe log callback for FFmpeg
-void newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback(void *ptr, int level, const char *fmt, va_list vl) {
-    if (level <= av_log_get_level() && newline_required) {
-        putchar('\n');
-        newline_required = false;
-    }
-    av_log_default_callback(ptr, level, fmt, vl);
-}
-
-bool is_valid_realesrgan_model(const StringType &model) {
-    static const std::unordered_set<StringType> valid_realesrgan_models = {
-        STR("realesrgan-plus"), STR("realesrgan-plus-anime"), STR("realesr-animevideov3")
-    };
-    return valid_realesrgan_models.count(model) > 0;
-}
-
-bool is_valid_rife_model(const StringType &model) {
-    static const std::unordered_set<StringType> valid_realesrgan_models = {
-        STR("rife"),
-        STR("rife-HD"),
-        STR("rife-UHD"),
-        STR("rife-anime"),
-        STR("rife-v2"),
-        STR("rife-v2.3"),
-        STR("rife-v2.4"),
-        STR("rife-v3.0"),
-        STR("rife-v3.1"),
-        STR("rife-v4"),
-        STR("rife-v4.6"),
-    };
-    return valid_realesrgan_models.count(model) > 0;
-}
-
-int enumerate_vulkan_devices(VkInstance *instance, std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> &devices) {
-    // Create a Vulkan instance
-    VkInstanceCreateInfo create_info{};
-    create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
-
-    VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&create_info, nullptr, instance);
-    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        spdlog::error("Failed to create Vulkan instance.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    // Enumerate physical devices
-    uint32_t device_count = 0;
-    result = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(*instance, &device_count, nullptr);
-    if (result != VK_SUCCESS || device_count == 0) {
-        spdlog::error("Failed to enumerate Vulkan physical devices or no devices available.");
-        vkDestroyInstance(*instance, nullptr);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    devices.resize(device_count);
-    result = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(*instance, &device_count, devices.data());
-    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        spdlog::error("Failed to retrieve Vulkan physical devices.");
-        vkDestroyInstance(*instance, nullptr);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int list_vulkan_devices() {
-    VkInstance instance;
-    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physical_devices;
-    int result = enumerate_vulkan_devices(&instance, physical_devices);
-    if (result != 0) {
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t device_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(physical_devices.size());
-
-    // List Vulkan device information
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
-        VkPhysicalDevice device = physical_devices[i];
-        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties device_properties;
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &device_properties);
-
-        // Print Vulkan device ID and name
-        std::cout << i << ". " << device_properties.deviceName << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "\tType: ";
-        switch (device_properties.deviceType) {
-            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU:
-                std::cout << "Integrated GPU";
-                break;
-            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU:
-                std::cout << "Discrete GPU";
-                break;
-            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU:
-                std::cout << "Virtual GPU";
-                break;
-            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
-                std::cout << "CPU";
-                break;
-            default:
-                std::cout << "Unknown";
-                break;
-        }
-        std::cout << std::endl;
-
-        // Print Vulkan API version
-        std::cout << "\tVulkan API Version: " << VK_VERSION_MAJOR(device_properties.apiVersion)
-                  << "." << VK_VERSION_MINOR(device_properties.apiVersion) << "."
-                  << VK_VERSION_PATCH(device_properties.apiVersion) << std::endl;
-
-        // Print driver version
-        std::cout << "\tDriver Version: " << VK_VERSION_MAJOR(device_properties.driverVersion)
-                  << "." << VK_VERSION_MINOR(device_properties.driverVersion) << "."
-                  << VK_VERSION_PATCH(device_properties.driverVersion) << std::endl;
-
-        // Print device ID
-        std::cout << "\tDevice ID: " << std::hex << std::showbase << device_properties.deviceID
-                  << std::dec << std::endl;
-    }
-
-    // Clean up Vulkan instance
-    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int get_vulkan_device_prop(uint32_t vk_device_index, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties *dev_props) {
-    if (dev_props == nullptr) {
-        spdlog::error("Invalid device properties pointer.");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    VkInstance instance;
-    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices;
-    int result = enumerate_vulkan_devices(&instance, devices);
-    if (result != 0) {
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t device_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(devices.size());
-
-    // Check if the Vulkan device ID is valid
-    if (vk_device_index >= device_count) {
-        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
-        return -2;
-    }
-
-    // Get device properties for the specified Vulkan device ID
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(devices[vk_device_index], dev_props);
-
-    // Clean up Vulkan instance
-    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
-
-    return 0;
+std::tuple<int, int, int> calculate_time_components(int time_elapsed) {
+    int hours_elapsed = time_elapsed / 3600;
+    int minutes_elapsed = (time_elapsed % 3600) / 60;
+    int seconds_elapsed = time_elapsed % 60;
+    return {hours_elapsed, minutes_elapsed, seconds_elapsed};
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -366,385 +53,33 @@ int wmain(int argc, wchar_t *argv[]) {
 #else
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 #endif
-    // Initialize arguments structure
+    // Initialize arguments structures
     Arguments arguments;
-
-    // Parse command line arguments using Boost.Program_options
-    try {
-        // clang-format off
-        po::options_description all_opts("General options");
-        all_opts.add_options()
-            ("help", "Display this help page")
-            ("version,V", "Print program version and exit")
-            ("log-level", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>()->default_value(STR("info"), "info"),
-                "Set verbosity level (trace, debug, info, warn, error, critical, none)")
-            ("no-progress", po::bool_switch(&arguments.no_progress),
-                "Do not display the progress bar")
-            ("list-devices,l", "List the available Vulkan devices (GPUs)")
-
-            // General Processing Options
-            ("input,i", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(), "Input video file path")
-            ("output,o", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(), "Output video file path")
-            ("processor,p", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.processor_type),
-                "Processor to use (libplacebo, realesrgan, rife)")
-            ("hwaccel,a", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.hwaccel)->default_value(STR("none"),
-                "none"), "Hardware acceleration method (decoding)")
-            ("device,d", po::value<uint32_t>(&arguments.vk_device_index)->default_value(0),
-                "Vulkan device index (GPU ID)")
-            ("benchmark,b", po::bool_switch(&arguments.benchmark),
-                "Discard processed frames and calculate average FPS; "
-                "useful for detecting encoder bottlenecks")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description encoder_opts("Encoder options");
-        encoder_opts.add_options()
-            ("codec,c", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.codec)->default_value(STR("libx264"),
-                "libx264"), "Output codec")
-            ("no-copy-streams", po::bool_switch(&arguments.no_copy_streams),
-                "Do not copy audio and subtitle streams")
-            ("pix-fmt", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.pix_fmt), "Output pixel format")
-            ("bit-rate", po::value<int64_t>(&arguments.bit_rate)->default_value(0),
-                "Bitrate in bits per second")
-            ("rc-buffer-size", po::value<int>(&arguments.rc_buffer_size)->default_value(0),
-                "Rate control buffer size in bits")
-            ("rc-min-rate", po::value<int>(&arguments.rc_min_rate)->default_value(0),
-                "Minimum rate control")
-            ("rc-max-rate", po::value<int>(&arguments.rc_max_rate)->default_value(0),
-                "Maximum rate control")
-            ("qmin", po::value<int>(&arguments.qmin)->default_value(-1), "Minimum quantizer")
-            ("qmax", po::value<int>(&arguments.qmax)->default_value(-1), "Maximum quantizer")
-            ("gop-size", po::value<int>(&arguments.gop_size)->default_value(-1),
-                "Group of pictures structure size")
-            ("max-b-frames", po::value<int>(&arguments.max_b_frames)->default_value(-1),
-                "Maximum number of B-frames")
-            ("keyint-min", po::value<int>(&arguments.keyint_min)->default_value(-1),
-                "Minimum interval between keyframes")
-            ("refs", po::value<int>(&arguments.refs)->default_value(-1),
-                "Number of reference frames")
-            ("thread-count", po::value<int>(&arguments.thread_count)->default_value(0),
-                "Number of threads for encoding")
-            ("delay", po::value<int>(&arguments.delay)->default_value(0),
-                "Delay in milliseconds for encoder")
-
-            // Extra encoder options (key-value pairs)
-            ("extra-encoder-option,e", PO_STR_VALUE<std::vector<StringType>>()->multitoken(),
-                "Additional AVOption(s) for the encoder (format: -e key=value)")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description upscale_opts("Upscaling options");
-        upscale_opts.add_options()
-            ("width,w", po::value<int>(&arguments.width), "Output width")
-            ("height,h", po::value<int>(&arguments.height), "Output height")
-            ("scaling-factor,s", po::value<int>(&arguments.scaling_factor), "Scaling factor")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description interp_opts("Frame interpolation options");
-        interp_opts.add_options()
-            ("frame-rate-mul,m",
-                po::value<int>(&arguments.frm_rate_mul)->default_value(2),
-                "Frame rate multiplier")
-            ("scene-thresh,t", po::value<float>(&arguments.scn_det_thresh)->default_value(10.0f),
-                "Scene detection threshold")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description libplacebo_opts("libplacebo options");
-        libplacebo_opts.add_options()
-            ("libplacebo-shader", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.libplacebo_shader_path),
-                "Name/path of the GLSL shader file to use (built-in: anime4k-v4-a, anime4k-v4-a+a, "
-                "anime4k-v4-b, anime4k-v4-b+b, anime4k-v4-c, anime4k-v4-c+a, anime4k-v4.1-gan)")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description realesrgan_opts("RealESRGAN options");
-        realesrgan_opts.add_options()
-            ("realesrgan-model", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.realesrgan_model_name),
-                "Name of the RealESRGAN model to use (realesr-animevideov3, realesrgan-plus-anime, "
-                "realesrgan-plus)")
-        ;
-
-        po::options_description rife_opts("RIFE options");
-        rife_opts.add_options()
-            ("rife-model", PO_STR_VALUE<StringType>(&arguments.rife_model_name),
-                "Name of the RIFE model to use (rife, rife-HD, rife-UHD, rife-anime, rife-v2, "
-                "rife-v2.3, rife-v2.4, rife-v3.0, rife-v3.1, rife-v4, rife-v4.6)")
-            ("rife-uhd", po::bool_switch(&arguments.rife_uhd_mode),
-                "Enable Ultra HD mode")
-        ;
-        // clang-format on
-
-        // Combine all options
-        all_opts.add(encoder_opts)
-            .add(upscale_opts)
-            .add(interp_opts)
-            .add(libplacebo_opts)
-            .add(realesrgan_opts)
-            .add(rife_opts);
-
-        // Positional arguments
-        po::positional_options_description p;
-        p.add("input", 1).add("output", 1).add("processor", 1);
-
-        po::variables_map vm;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        po::store(po::wcommand_line_parser(argc, argv).options(all_opts).positional(p).run(), vm);
-#else
-        po::store(po::command_line_parser(argc, argv).options(all_opts).positional(p).run(), vm);
-#endif
-        po::notify(vm);
-
-        if (vm.count("help") || argc == 1) {
-            std::cout
-                << all_opts << std::endl
-                << "Examples:" << std::endl
-                << "  Upscale an anime video to 4K using libplacebo:" << std::endl
-                << "    video2x -i input.mp4 -o output.mp4 -w 3840 -h 2160 \\" << std::endl
-                << "      -p libplacebo --libplacebo-shader anime4k-v4-a+a" << std::endl
-                << std::endl
-                << "  Upscale a film by 4x using RealESRGAN with custom encoder options:"
-                << std::endl
-                << "    video2x -i input.mkv -o output.mkv -s 4 \\" << std::endl
-                << "      -p realesrgan --realesrgan-model realesrgan-plus \\" << std::endl
-                << "      -c libx264rgb -e crf=17 -e preset=veryslow -e tune=film" << std::endl
-                << std::endl
-                << "  Frame-interpolate a video using RIFE to 4x the original frame rate:"
-                << std::endl
-                << "    video2x -i input.mp4 -o output.mp4 -m 4 -p rife --rife-model rife-v4.6"
-                << std::endl;
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("version")) {
-            std::cout << "Video2X version " << LIBVIDEO2X_VERSION_STRING << std::endl;
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("list-devices")) {
-            return list_vulkan_devices();
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("log-level")) {
-            std::optional<Video2xLogLevel> log_level =
-                find_log_level_by_name(vm["log-level"].as<StringType>());
-            if (!log_level.has_value()) {
-                spdlog::critical("Invalid log level specified.");
-                return 1;
-            }
-            arguments.log_level = log_level.value();
-        }
-        set_spdlog_level(arguments.log_level);
-
-        // Print program banner
-        spdlog::info("Video2X version {}", LIBVIDEO2X_VERSION_STRING);
-        // spdlog::info("Copyright (C) 2018-2024 K4YT3X and contributors.");
-        // spdlog::info("Licensed under GNU AGPL version 3.");
-
-        // Assign positional arguments
-        if (vm.count("input")) {
-            arguments.in_fname = std::filesystem::path(vm["input"].as<StringType>());
-            spdlog::info("Processing file: {}", arguments.in_fname.u8string());
-        } else {
-            spdlog::critical("Input file path is required.");
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("output")) {
-            arguments.out_fname = std::filesystem::path(vm["output"].as<StringType>());
-        } else if (!arguments.benchmark) {
-            spdlog::critical("Output file path is required.");
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        if (!vm.count("processor")) {
-            spdlog::critical("Processor type is required (libplacebo, realesrgan, or rife).");
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        // Parse extra AVOptions
-        if (vm.count("extra-encoder-option")) {
-            for (const auto &opt : vm["extra-encoder-option"].as<std::vector<StringType>>()) {
-                size_t eq_pos = opt.find('=');
-                if (eq_pos != StringType::npos) {
-                    StringType key = opt.substr(0, eq_pos);
-                    StringType value = opt.substr(eq_pos + 1);
-                    arguments.extra_encoder_opts.push_back(std::make_pair(key, value));
-                } else {
-                    spdlog::critical("Invalid extra AVOption format: {}", wstring_to_u8string(opt));
-                    return 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("libplacebo-model")) {
-            if (!is_valid_realesrgan_model(vm["realesrgan-model"].as<StringType>())) {
-                spdlog::critical("Invalid model specified.");
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (vm.count("rife-model")) {
-            if (!is_valid_rife_model(vm["rife-model"].as<StringType>())) {
-                spdlog::critical("Invalid RIFE model specified.");
-                return 1;
-            }
-        }
-    } catch (const po::error &e) {
-        spdlog::critical("Error parsing options: {}", e.what());
-        return 1;
-    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
-        spdlog::critical("Unexpected exception caught while parsing options: {}", e.what());
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Additional validations
-    if (arguments.width < 0 || arguments.height < 0) {
-        spdlog::critical("Invalid output resolution specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (arguments.scaling_factor < 0) {
-        spdlog::critical("Invalid scaling factor specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (arguments.frm_rate_mul <= 1) {
-        spdlog::critical("Invalid frame rate multiplier specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if (arguments.scn_det_thresh < 0.0f || arguments.scn_det_thresh > 100.0f) {
-        spdlog::critical("Invalid scene detection threshold specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if (arguments.processor_type == STR("libplacebo")) {
-        if (arguments.libplacebo_shader_path.empty() || arguments.width == 0 ||
-            arguments.height == 0) {
-            spdlog::critical("Shader name/path, width, and height are required for libplacebo.");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    } else if (arguments.processor_type == STR("realesrgan")) {
-        if (arguments.scaling_factor != 2 && arguments.scaling_factor != 3 &&
-            arguments.scaling_factor != 4) {
-            spdlog::critical("Scaling factor must be 2, 3, or 4 for RealESRGAN.");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    } else if (arguments.processor_type != STR("rife")) {
-        spdlog::critical(
-            "Invalid processor specified. Must be 'libplacebo', 'realesrgan', or 'rife'."
-        );
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Validate GPU ID
-    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties dev_props;
-    int get_vulkan_dev_ret = get_vulkan_device_prop(arguments.vk_device_index, &dev_props);
-    if (get_vulkan_dev_ret != 0) {
-        if (get_vulkan_dev_ret == -2) {
-            spdlog::critical("Invalid Vulkan device ID specified.");
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            spdlog::warn("Unable to validate Vulkan device ID.");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Warn if the selected device is a CPU
-        spdlog::info("Using Vulkan device: {} ({:#x})", dev_props.deviceName, dev_props.deviceID);
-        if (dev_props.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
-            spdlog::warn("The selected Vulkan device is a CPU device.");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Validate bitrate
-    if (arguments.bit_rate < 0) {
-        spdlog::critical("Invalid bitrate specified.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Parse codec to AVCodec
-    const AVCodec *codec =
-        avcodec_find_encoder_by_name(wstring_to_u8string(arguments.codec).c_str());
-    if (!codec) {
-        spdlog::critical("Codec '{}' not found.", wstring_to_u8string(arguments.codec));
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    // Parse pixel format to AVPixelFormat
-    AVPixelFormat pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
-    if (!arguments.pix_fmt.empty()) {
-        pix_fmt = av_get_pix_fmt(wstring_to_u8string(arguments.pix_fmt).c_str());
-        if (pix_fmt == AV_PIX_FMT_NONE) {
-            spdlog::critical("Invalid pixel format '{}'.", wstring_to_u8string(arguments.pix_fmt));
-            return 1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Setup filter configurations based on the parsed arguments
     ProcessorConfig proc_cfg;
-    proc_cfg.width = arguments.width;
-    proc_cfg.height = arguments.height;
-    proc_cfg.scaling_factor = arguments.scaling_factor;
-    proc_cfg.frm_rate_mul = arguments.frm_rate_mul;
-    proc_cfg.scn_det_thresh = arguments.scn_det_thresh;
+    EncoderConfig enc_cfg;
 
-    if (arguments.processor_type == STR("libplacebo")) {
-        proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::Libplacebo;
-        LibplaceboConfig libplacebo_config;
-        libplacebo_config.shader_path = arguments.libplacebo_shader_path;
-        proc_cfg.config = libplacebo_config;
-    } else if (arguments.processor_type == STR("realesrgan")) {
-        proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RealESRGAN;
-        RealESRGANConfig realesrgan_config;
-        realesrgan_config.tta_mode = false;
-        realesrgan_config.model_name = arguments.realesrgan_model_name;
-        proc_cfg.config = realesrgan_config;
-    } else if (arguments.processor_type == STR("rife")) {
-        proc_cfg.processor_type = ProcessorType::RIFE;
-        RIFEConfig rife_config;
-        rife_config.tta_mode = false;
-        rife_config.tta_temporal_mode = false;
-        rife_config.uhd_mode = arguments.rife_uhd_mode;
-        rife_config.num_threads = 0;
-        rife_config.model_name = arguments.rife_model_name;
-        proc_cfg.config = rife_config;
+    // Parse command line arguments
+    int parse_ret = parse_args(argc, argv, arguments, proc_cfg, enc_cfg);
+
+    // Return if parsing failed
+    if (parse_ret < 0) {
+        return parse_ret;
     }
 
-    // Setup encoder configuration
-    EncoderConfig enc_cfg;
-    enc_cfg.codec = codec->id;
-    enc_cfg.copy_streams = !arguments.no_copy_streams;
-    enc_cfg.width = 0;
-    enc_cfg.height = 0;
-    enc_cfg.pix_fmt = pix_fmt;
-    enc_cfg.bit_rate = arguments.bit_rate;
-    enc_cfg.rc_buffer_size = arguments.rc_buffer_size;
-    enc_cfg.rc_max_rate = arguments.rc_max_rate;
-    enc_cfg.rc_min_rate = arguments.rc_min_rate;
-    enc_cfg.qmin = arguments.qmin;
-    enc_cfg.qmax = arguments.qmax;
-    enc_cfg.gop_size = arguments.gop_size;
-    enc_cfg.max_b_frames = arguments.max_b_frames;
-    enc_cfg.keyint_min = arguments.keyint_min;
-    enc_cfg.refs = arguments.refs;
-    enc_cfg.thread_count = arguments.thread_count;
-    enc_cfg.delay = arguments.delay;
-    enc_cfg.extra_opts = arguments.extra_encoder_opts;
-
-    // Setup hardware configuration
-    HardwareConfig hw_cfg;
-    hw_cfg.hw_device_type = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE;
-    hw_cfg.vk_device_index = arguments.vk_device_index;
-
-    // Parse hardware acceleration method
-    if (arguments.hwaccel != STR("none")) {
-        hw_cfg.hw_device_type =
-            av_hwdevice_find_type_by_name(wstring_to_u8string(arguments.hwaccel).c_str());
-        if (hw_cfg.hw_device_type == AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE) {
-            spdlog::critical(
-                "Invalid hardware device type '{}'.", wstring_to_u8string(arguments.hwaccel)
-            );
-            return 1;
-        }
+    // Return if help message or version info was displayed
+    if (parse_ret > 0) {
+        return 0;
     }
 
     // Create video processor object
-    VideoProcessor video_processor =
-        VideoProcessor(hw_cfg, proc_cfg, enc_cfg, arguments.log_level, arguments.benchmark);
+    VideoProcessor video_processor = VideoProcessor(
+        proc_cfg,
+        enc_cfg,
+        arguments.vk_device_index,
+        arguments.hw_device_type,
+        arguments.log_level,
+        arguments.benchmark
+    );
 
     // Register a newline-safe log callback for FFmpeg
     av_log_set_callback(newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback);
@@ -803,17 +138,17 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                     std::cout.flush();
                     timer.resume();
                 }
-                newline_required = true;
+                newline_required.store(true);
             }
         } else if (ch == 'q' || ch == 'Q') {
             // Abort processing
-            if (newline_required) {
+            if (newline_required.load()) {
                 putchar('\n');
             }
             spdlog::warn("Aborting gracefully; press Ctrl+C to terminate forcefully.");
             {
                 video_processor.abort();
-                newline_required = false;
+                newline_required.store(false);
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -834,9 +169,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                 int time_elapsed = static_cast<int>(timer.get_elapsed_time() / 1000);
 
                 // Calculate hours, minutes, and seconds elapsed
-                int hours_elapsed = time_elapsed / 3600;
-                int minutes_elapsed = (time_elapsed % 3600) / 60;
-                int seconds_elapsed = time_elapsed % 60;
+                auto [hours_elapsed, minutes_elapsed, seconds_elapsed] =
+                    calculate_time_components(time_elapsed);
 
                 // Calculate estimated time remaining
                 int64_t frames_remaining = total_frames - processed_frames;
@@ -846,9 +180,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                 time_remaining = std::max<int>(time_remaining, 0);
 
                 // Calculate hours, minutes, and seconds remaining
-                int hours_remaining = time_remaining / 3600;
-                int minutes_remaining = (time_remaining % 3600) / 60;
-                int seconds_remaining = time_remaining % 60;
+                auto [hours_remaining, minutes_remaining, seconds_remaining] =
+                    calculate_time_components(time_remaining);
 
                 // Print the progress bar
                 std::cout << "\r\033[Kframe=" << processed_frames << "/" << total_frames << " ("
@@ -861,7 +194,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                           << ":" << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << minutes_remaining << ":"
                           << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << seconds_remaining;
                 std::cout.flush();
-                newline_required = true;
+                newline_required.store(true);
             }
         }
 
@@ -878,7 +211,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     processing_thread.join();
 
     // Print a newline if progress bar was displayed
-    if (newline_required) {
+    if (newline_required.load()) {
         std::cout << '\n';
     }
 
@@ -896,9 +229,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     // Calculate statistics
     int64_t processed_frames = video_processor.get_processed_frames();
     int time_elapsed = static_cast<int>(timer.get_elapsed_time() / 1000);
-    int hours_elapsed = time_elapsed / 3600;
-    int minutes_elapsed = (time_elapsed % 3600) / 60;
-    int seconds_elapsed = time_elapsed % 60;
+    auto [hours_elapsed, minutes_elapsed, seconds_elapsed] =
+        calculate_time_components(time_elapsed);
     float average_speed_fps = static_cast<float>(processed_frames) /
                               (time_elapsed > 0 ? static_cast<float>(time_elapsed) : 1);
 

tools/video2x/src/vulkan_utils.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#include "vulkan_utils.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
+
+static int enumerate_vulkan_devices(VkInstance *instance, std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> &devices) {
+    // Create a Vulkan instance
+    VkInstanceCreateInfo create_info{};
+    create_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+    VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&create_info, nullptr, instance);
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        spdlog::error("Failed to create Vulkan instance.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Enumerate physical devices
+    uint32_t device_count = 0;
+    result = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(*instance, &device_count, nullptr);
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS || device_count == 0) {
+        spdlog::error("Failed to enumerate Vulkan physical devices or no devices available.");
+        vkDestroyInstance(*instance, nullptr);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    devices.resize(device_count);
+    result = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(*instance, &device_count, devices.data());
+    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        spdlog::error("Failed to retrieve Vulkan physical devices.");
+        vkDestroyInstance(*instance, nullptr);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int list_vulkan_devices() {
+    VkInstance instance;
+    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> physical_devices;
+    int result = enumerate_vulkan_devices(&instance, physical_devices);
+    if (result != 0) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t device_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(physical_devices.size());
+
+    // List Vulkan device information
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_count; i++) {
+        VkPhysicalDevice device = physical_devices[i];
+        VkPhysicalDeviceProperties device_properties;
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &device_properties);
+
+        // Print Vulkan device ID and name
+        std::cout << i << ". " << device_properties.deviceName << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "\tType: ";
+        switch (device_properties.deviceType) {
+            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU:
+                std::cout << "Integrated GPU";
+                break;
+            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU:
+                std::cout << "Discrete GPU";
+                break;
+            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU:
+                std::cout << "Virtual GPU";
+                break;
+            case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
+                std::cout << "CPU";
+                break;
+            default:
+                std::cout << "Unknown";
+                break;
+        }
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+
+        // Print Vulkan API version
+        std::cout << "\tVulkan API Version: " << VK_VERSION_MAJOR(device_properties.apiVersion)
+                  << "." << VK_VERSION_MINOR(device_properties.apiVersion) << "."
+                  << VK_VERSION_PATCH(device_properties.apiVersion) << std::endl;
+
+        // Print driver version
+        std::cout << "\tDriver Version: " << VK_VERSION_MAJOR(device_properties.driverVersion)
+                  << "." << VK_VERSION_MINOR(device_properties.driverVersion) << "."
+                  << VK_VERSION_PATCH(device_properties.driverVersion) << std::endl;
+
+        // Print device ID
+        std::cout << "\tDevice ID: " << std::hex << std::showbase << device_properties.deviceID
+                  << std::dec << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    // Clean up Vulkan instance
+    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int get_vulkan_device_prop(uint32_t vk_device_index, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties *dev_props) {
+    if (dev_props == nullptr) {
+        spdlog::error("Invalid device properties pointer.");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    VkInstance instance;
+    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices;
+    int result = enumerate_vulkan_devices(&instance, devices);
+    if (result != 0) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t device_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(devices.size());
+
+    // Check if the Vulkan device ID is valid
+    if (vk_device_index >= device_count) {
+        vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
+        return -2;
+    }
+
+    // Get device properties for the specified Vulkan device ID
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(devices[vk_device_index], dev_props);
+
+    // Clean up Vulkan instance
+    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
+
+    return 0;
+}