diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index f17d029..fdb987e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ jobs:
             libswscale-dev \
             libvulkan-dev \
             glslang-tools \
-            libomp-dev
+            libomp-dev \
+            libopencv-dev
       - name: Build Video2X
         run: |
           mkdir -p /tmp/build /tmp/install
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           $ffmpegVersion = "7.1"
           $ncnnVersion = "20240820"
+          $opencvVersion = "4.10.0"
 
           git submodule update --init --recursive
 
@@ -73,9 +75,16 @@ jobs:
           curl -Lo ncnn-shared.zip "https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn/releases/download/$ncnnVersion/ncnn-$ncnnVersion-windows-vs2022-shared.zip"
           Expand-Archive -Path ncnn-shared.zip -DestinationPath third_party
           Rename-Item -Path "third_party/ncnn-$ncnnVersion-windows-vs2022-shared" -NewName ncnn-shared
+
+          curl -Lo opencv-shared.exe "https://github.com/opencv/opencv/releases/download/$opencvVersion/opencv-$opencvVersion-windows.exe"
+          7z x opencv-shared.exe -y
+          Move-Item -Path opencv -Destination third_party\opencv-shared
       - name: Build Video2X
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          cmake -S . -B build -DUSE_SYSTEM_NCNN=OFF -DUSE_SYSTEM_SPDLOG=OFF -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=build/video2x_install
+          cmake -S . -B build `
+            -DUSE_SYSTEM_NCNN=OFF -DUSE_SYSTEM_SPDLOG=OFF -DUSE_SYSTEM_OPENCV=OFF `
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=build/video2x_install
           cmake --build build --config Debug --parallel --target install
       - name: Upload artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index 48b2ab0..d6a6b75 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@
 [submodule "third_party/spdlog"]
 	path = third_party/spdlog
 	url = https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git
+[submodule "third_party/opencv"]
+	path = third_party/opencv
+	url = https://github.com/opencv/opencv.git
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index b2d398e..08a6e32 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
-project(video2x VERSION 6.0.0 LANGUAGES CXX C)
+project(video2x VERSION 6.0.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)
 
 # Set the C standard
 set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 11)
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ endif()
 option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build libvideo2x as a shared library" ON)
 option(BUILD_VIDEO2X_CLI "Build the video2x executable" ON)
 option(USE_SYSTEM_SPDLOG "Use system spdlog library" ON)
+option(USE_SYSTEM_OPENCV "Use system OpenCV library" ON)
 option(USE_SYSTEM_NCNN "Use system ncnn library" ON)
 
 # Generate the version header file
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ set(ALL_LIBRARIES)
 # spdlog
 if (USE_SYSTEM_SPDLOG)
     find_package(spdlog REQUIRED)
+    list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS ${spdlog_INCLUDE_DIRS})
     list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES spdlog::spdlog)
 else()
     add_subdirectory(third_party/spdlog)
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ if(WIN32)
     # Define base paths for FFmpeg and ncnn
     set(FFMPEG_BASE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/ffmpeg-shared)
     set(NCNN_BASE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/ncnn-shared/x64)
+    set(OPENCV_BASE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/opencv-shared)
 
     # FFmpeg
     list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES
@@ -73,7 +76,9 @@ if(WIN32)
 
     # ncnn
     # TODO: Figure out why this file is not being copied to the install directory
-    set(SPIRV_BUILD_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/realesrgan-prefix/src/realesrgan-build/ncnn/glslang/SPIRV)
+    set(SPIRV_BUILD_PATH
+        ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/realesrgan-prefix/src/realesrgan-build/ncnn/glslang/SPIRV
+    )
     if (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
         set(SPIRV_LIB ${SPIRV_BUILD_PATH}/Release/SPIRV.lib)
     else()
@@ -85,8 +90,12 @@ if(WIN32)
         ${SPIRV_LIB}
     )
     list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS ${NCNN_BASE_PATH}/include/ncnn)
+
+    # OpenCV
+    list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES ${OPENCV_BASE_PATH}/build/x64/vc16/lib/opencv_world4100.lib)
+    list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS ${OPENCV_BASE_PATH}/build/include)
 else()
-    # Find the required packages using pkg-config
+    # FFmpeg
     find_package(PkgConfig REQUIRED)
     set(REQUIRED_PKGS
         libavcodec
@@ -103,11 +112,56 @@ else()
         list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS ${${PKG}_INCLUDE_DIRS})
         list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES ${${PKG}_LIBRARIES})
     endforeach()
-endif()
 
-# Remove duplicate entries
-list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS)
-list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES ALL_LIBRARIES)
+    # OpenCV
+    if (USE_SYSTEM_OPENCV)
+        cmake_policy(SET CMP0146 OLD)
+        find_package(OpenCV REQUIRED)
+        list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS}/opencv2)
+        list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES opencv_core opencv_videoio)
+    else()
+        option(BUILD_opencv_calib3d "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_core "" ON)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_dnn "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_features2d "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_flann "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_gapi "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_highgui "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_imgcodecs "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_imgproc "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_java "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_js "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_ml "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_objc "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_objdetect "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_photo "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_python "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_python2 "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_python3 "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_stitching "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_ts "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_video "" OFF)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_videoio "" ON)
+        option(BUILD_opencv_world "" OFF)
+
+        option(WITH_PNG "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_JPEG "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_TIFF "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_WEBP "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_OPENJPEG "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_JASPER "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_OPENEXR "" OFF)
+        option(WITH_IMGCODEC "" OFF)
+
+        add_subdirectory(third_party/opencv)
+        list(APPEND ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS
+            ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/opencv/include
+            ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/opencv/modules/core/include
+            ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/third_party/opencv/modules/videoio/include
+        )
+        list(APPEND ALL_LIBRARIES opencv_core opencv_videoio)
+    endif() # USE_SYSTEM_OPENCV
+endif() # WIN32
 
 # Find ncnn package
 if(USE_SYSTEM_NCNN)
@@ -224,6 +278,10 @@ ExternalProject_Add(
     INSTALL_COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build . --target install --config ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
 )
 
+# Remove duplicate entries
+list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES ALL_INCLUDE_DIRS)
+list(REMOVE_DUPLICATES ALL_LIBRARIES)
+
 # Add all source files for libvideo2x
 file(GLOB LIBVIDEO2X_SOURCES src/*.cpp)
 
@@ -309,6 +367,10 @@ else()
     set(MODEL_DESTINATION_DEFAULT "share/video2x")
 endif()
 
+# Explicitly set the output paths since OpenCV changes these variables
+set(EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
+set(LIBRARY_OUTPUT_PATH ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
+
 # Set the installation directories
 set(INSTALL_BIN_DESTINATION ${BIN_DESTINATION_DEFAULT} CACHE STRING "")
 set(INSTALL_INCLUDE_DESTINATION ${INCLUDE_DESTINATION_DEFAULT} CACHE STRING "")
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 378830d..d9b02e5 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ debian:
 		libvulkan-dev \
 		glslang-tools \
 		libomp-dev \
-		libspdlog-dev
+		libspdlog-dev \
+		libopencv-dev
 	cmake -B /tmp/build -S . -DUSE_SYSTEM_NCNN=OFF \
 		-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \
 		-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/tmp/install \
diff --git a/PKGBUILD b/PKGBUILD
index b4bf9a4..e892901 100644
--- a/PKGBUILD
+++ b/PKGBUILD
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 pkgname=video2x
-pkgver=r840.ecbc512
+pkgver=r843.e09f348
 pkgrel=1
 pkgdesc="A machine learning-based lossless video super resolution framework"
 arch=('x86_64')
 url="https://github.com/k4yt3x/video2x"
 license=('AGPL3')
-depends=('ffmpeg' 'ncnn' 'vulkan-driver')
-makedepends=('git' 'cmake' 'make' 'clang' 'pkgconf' 'vulkan-headers' 'openmp' 'spdlog')
+depends=('ffmpeg' 'ncnn' 'vulkan-driver' 'opencv-cuda' 'spdlog')
+makedepends=('git' 'cmake' 'make' 'clang' 'pkgconf' 'vulkan-headers' 'openmp')
 
 pkgver() {
     printf "r%s.%s" "$(git rev-list --count HEAD)" "$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/decoder.h b/include/libvideo2x/decoder.h
index 71c240a..bd0312b 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/decoder.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/decoder.h
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ extern "C" {
 int init_decoder(
     AVHWDeviceType hw_type,
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx,
-    const char *input_filename,
+    const char *in_fname,
     AVFormatContext **fmt_ctx,
     AVCodecContext **dec_ctx,
-    int *video_stream_index
+    int *vstream_idx
 );
 
 #endif  // DECODER_H
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/encoder.h b/include/libvideo2x/encoder.h
index 48dc6c3..5970a7a 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/encoder.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/encoder.h
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@ extern "C" {
 
 int init_encoder(
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx,
-    const char *output_filename,
+    const char *out_fname,
     AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx,
     AVFormatContext **ofmt_ctx,
     AVCodecContext **enc_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
     EncoderConfig *encoder_config,
-    int video_stream_index,
-    int **stream_mapping
+    int vstream_idx,
+    int **stream_map
 );
 
 int encode_and_write_frame(
     AVFrame *frame,
     AVCodecContext *enc_ctx,
     AVFormatContext *ofmt_ctx,
-    int video_stream_index
+    int vstream_idx
 );
 
 int flush_encoder(AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVFormatContext *ofmt_ctx);
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/filter.h b/include/libvideo2x/filter.h
index a77d373..36802f9 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/filter.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/filter.h
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ extern "C" {
 // Abstract base class for filters
 class Filter {
    public:
-    virtual ~Filter() {}
+    virtual ~Filter() = default;
     virtual int init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVBufferRef *hw_ctx) = 0;
-    virtual int process_frame(AVFrame *input_frame, AVFrame **output_frame) = 0;
-    virtual int flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) = 0;
+    virtual int process_frame(AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame) = 0;
+    virtual int flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &flushed_frames) { return 0; }
 };
 
 #endif  // FILTER_H
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo.h b/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo.h
index e32a2a4..647672e 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo.h
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ int init_libplacebo(
     AVFilterContext **buffersrc_ctx,
     AVFilterContext **buffersink_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
-    int output_width,
-    int output_height,
+    int out_width,
+    int out_height,
     const std::filesystem::path &shader_path
 );
 
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo_filter.h b/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo_filter.h
index c8692fb..fd62932 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo_filter.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/libplacebo_filter.h
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@ class LibplaceboFilter : public Filter {
     AVFilterGraph *filter_graph;
     AVFilterContext *buffersrc_ctx;
     AVFilterContext *buffersink_ctx;
-    int output_width;
-    int output_height;
+    int out_width;
+    int out_height;
     const std::filesystem::path shader_path;
-    AVRational output_time_base;
+    AVRational in_time_base;
+    AVRational out_time_base;
 
    public:
     // Constructor
@@ -33,10 +34,10 @@ class LibplaceboFilter : public Filter {
     int init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVBufferRef *hw_ctx) override;
 
     // Processes an input frame and returns the processed frame
-    int process_frame(AVFrame *input_frame, AVFrame **output_frame) override;
+    int process_frame(AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame) override;
 
     // Flushes any remaining frames
-    int flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) override;
+    int flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &flushed_frames) override;
 };
 
 #endif  // LIBPLACEBO_FILTER_H
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h b/include/libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h
index 7c7a5ee..38addab 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/libvideo2x.h
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ enum Libvideo2xLogLevel {
 
 // Configuration for Libplacebo filter
 struct LibplaceboConfig {
-    int output_width;
-    int output_height;
+    int out_width;
+    int out_height;
     const char *shader_path;
 };
 
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ struct FilterConfig {
 
 // Encoder configuration
 struct EncoderConfig {
-    int output_width;
-    int output_height;
+    int out_width;
+    int out_height;
     bool copy_streams;
     enum AVCodecID codec;
     enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmt;
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ struct VideoProcessingContext {
 
 // C-compatible process_video function
 LIBVIDEO2X_API int process_video(
-    const char *input_filename,
-    const char *output_filename,
+    const char *in_fname,
+    const char *out_fname,
     enum Libvideo2xLogLevel log_level,
     bool benchmark,
     enum AVHWDeviceType hw_device_type,
diff --git a/include/libvideo2x/realesrgan_filter.h b/include/libvideo2x/realesrgan_filter.h
index b0f3103..1415b94 100644
--- a/include/libvideo2x/realesrgan_filter.h
+++ b/include/libvideo2x/realesrgan_filter.h
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ class RealesrganFilter : public Filter {
     const char *model;
     const std::filesystem::path custom_model_param_path;
     const std::filesystem::path custom_model_bin_path;
-    AVRational input_time_base;
-    AVRational output_time_base;
-    AVPixelFormat output_pix_fmt;
+    AVRational in_time_base;
+    AVRational out_time_base;
+    AVPixelFormat out_pix_fmt;
 
    public:
     // Constructor
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ class RealesrganFilter : public Filter {
         bool tta_mode = false,
         int scaling_factor = 4,
         const char *model = "realesr-animevideov3",
-        const std::filesystem::path custom_model_bin_pathmodel_param_path = std::filesystem::path(),
-        const std::filesystem::path custom_model_bin_pathmodel_bin_path = std::filesystem::path()
+        const std::filesystem::path custom_model_param_path = std::filesystem::path(),
+        const std::filesystem::path custom_model_bin_path = std::filesystem::path()
     );
 
     // Destructor
@@ -42,10 +42,7 @@ class RealesrganFilter : public Filter {
     int init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVBufferRef *hw_ctx) override;
 
     // Processes an input frame and returns the processed frame
-    int process_frame(AVFrame *input_frame, AVFrame **output_frame) override;
-
-    // Flushes any remaining frames (if necessary)
-    int flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) override;
+    int process_frame(AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame) override;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/decoder.cpp b/src/decoder.cpp
index eb6d281..27f20a3 100644
--- a/src/decoder.cpp
+++ b/src/decoder.cpp
@@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ static enum AVPixelFormat get_hw_format(AVCodecContext *ctx, const enum AVPixelF
 int init_decoder(
     AVHWDeviceType hw_type,
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx,
-    const char *input_filename,
+    const char *in_fname,
     AVFormatContext **fmt_ctx,
     AVCodecContext **dec_ctx,
-    int *video_stream_index
+    int *vstream_idx
 ) {
     AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx = NULL;
     AVCodecContext *codec_ctx = NULL;
     int ret;
 
-    if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&ifmt_ctx, input_filename, NULL, NULL)) < 0) {
-        spdlog::error("Could not open input file '{}'", input_filename);
+    if ((ret = avformat_open_input(&ifmt_ctx, in_fname, NULL, NULL)) < 0) {
+        spdlog::error("Could not open input file '{}'", in_fname);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ int init_decoder(
 
     *fmt_ctx = ifmt_ctx;
     *dec_ctx = codec_ctx;
-    *video_stream_index = stream_index;
+    *vstream_idx = stream_index;
 
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/encoder.cpp b/src/encoder.cpp
index cdb6ad0..5c35a5f 100644
--- a/src/encoder.cpp
+++ b/src/encoder.cpp
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ static enum AVPixelFormat get_encoder_default_pix_fmt(const AVCodec *encoder) {
 
 int init_encoder(
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx,
-    const char *output_filename,
+    const char *out_fname,
     AVFormatContext *ifmt_ctx,
     AVFormatContext **ofmt_ctx,
     AVCodecContext **enc_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
     EncoderConfig *encoder_config,
-    int video_stream_index,
-    int **stream_mapping
+    int vstream_idx,
+    int **stream_map
 ) {
     AVFormatContext *fmt_ctx = NULL;
     AVCodecContext *codec_ctx = NULL;
     int stream_index = 0;
     int ret;
 
-    avformat_alloc_output_context2(&fmt_ctx, NULL, NULL, output_filename);
+    avformat_alloc_output_context2(&fmt_ctx, NULL, NULL, out_fname);
     if (!fmt_ctx) {
         spdlog::error("Could not create output context");
         return AVERROR_UNKNOWN;
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ int init_encoder(
     }
 
     // Set encoding parameters
-    codec_ctx->height = encoder_config->output_height;
-    codec_ctx->width = encoder_config->output_width;
+    codec_ctx->height = encoder_config->out_height;
+    codec_ctx->width = encoder_config->out_width;
     codec_ctx->sample_aspect_ratio = dec_ctx->sample_aspect_ratio;
     codec_ctx->bit_rate = encoder_config->bit_rate;
 
@@ -116,28 +116,28 @@ int init_encoder(
 
     if (encoder_config->copy_streams) {
         // Allocate the stream map
-        *stream_mapping = (int *)av_malloc_array(ifmt_ctx->nb_streams, sizeof(**stream_mapping));
-        if (!*stream_mapping) {
+        *stream_map = (int *)av_malloc_array(ifmt_ctx->nb_streams, sizeof(**stream_map));
+        if (!*stream_map) {
             spdlog::error("Could not allocate stream mapping");
             return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
         }
 
         // Map the video stream
-        (*stream_mapping)[video_stream_index] = stream_index++;
+        (*stream_map)[vstream_idx] = stream_index++;
 
         // Loop through each stream in the input file
         for (int i = 0; i < ifmt_ctx->nb_streams; i++) {
             AVStream *in_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[i];
             AVCodecParameters *in_codecpar = in_stream->codecpar;
 
-            if (i == video_stream_index) {
+            if (i == vstream_idx) {
                 // Video stream is already handled
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (in_codecpar->codec_type != AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO &&
                 in_codecpar->codec_type != AVMEDIA_TYPE_SUBTITLE) {
-                (*stream_mapping)[i] = -1;
+                (*stream_map)[i] = -1;
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -158,15 +158,15 @@ int init_encoder(
             // Copy time base
             out_stream->time_base = in_stream->time_base;
 
-            (*stream_mapping)[i] = stream_index++;
+            (*stream_map)[i] = stream_index++;
         }
     }
 
     // Open the output file
     if (!(fmt_ctx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE)) {
-        ret = avio_open(&fmt_ctx->pb, output_filename, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
+        ret = avio_open(&fmt_ctx->pb, out_fname, AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
         if (ret < 0) {
-            spdlog::error("Could not open output file '{}'", output_filename);
+            spdlog::error("Could not open output file '{}'", out_fname);
             return ret;
         }
     }
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ int encode_and_write_frame(
     AVFrame *frame,
     AVCodecContext *enc_ctx,
     AVFormatContext *ofmt_ctx,
-    int video_stream_index
+    int vstream_idx
 ) {
     int ret;
 
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ int encode_and_write_frame(
 
         // Rescale packet timestamps
         av_packet_rescale_ts(
-            enc_pkt, enc_ctx->time_base, ofmt_ctx->streams[video_stream_index]->time_base
+            enc_pkt, enc_ctx->time_base, ofmt_ctx->streams[vstream_idx]->time_base
         );
-        enc_pkt->stream_index = video_stream_index;
+        enc_pkt->stream_index = vstream_idx;
 
         // Write the packet
         ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(ofmt_ctx, enc_pkt);
diff --git a/src/libplacebo.cpp b/src/libplacebo.cpp
index 69b2e4c..d34e399 100644
--- a/src/libplacebo.cpp
+++ b/src/libplacebo.cpp
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ int init_libplacebo(
     AVFilterContext **buffersrc_ctx,
     AVFilterContext **buffersink_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
-    int output_width,
-    int output_height,
+    int out_width,
+    int out_height,
     const std::filesystem::path &shader_path
 ) {
     char args[512];
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ int init_libplacebo(
         filter_args,
         sizeof(filter_args),
         "w=%d:h=%d:upscaler=ewa_lanczos:custom_shader_path=%s",
-        output_width,
-        output_height,
+        out_width,
+        out_height,
         shader_path_string.c_str()
     );
 
diff --git a/src/libplacebo_filter.cpp b/src/libplacebo_filter.cpp
index 4bbf517..dd44b85 100644
--- a/src/libplacebo_filter.cpp
+++ b/src/libplacebo_filter.cpp
@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@
 #include "fsutils.h"
 #include "libplacebo.h"
 
-LibplaceboFilter::LibplaceboFilter(int width, int height, const std::filesystem::path &shader_path)
+LibplaceboFilter::LibplaceboFilter(
+    int out_width,
+    int out_height,
+    const std::filesystem::path &shader_path
+)
     : filter_graph(nullptr),
       buffersrc_ctx(nullptr),
       buffersink_ctx(nullptr),
-      output_width(width),
-      output_height(height),
+      out_width(out_width),
+      out_height(out_height),
       shader_path(std::move(shader_path)) {}
 
 LibplaceboFilter::~LibplaceboFilter() {
@@ -49,7 +53,8 @@ int LibplaceboFilter::init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVB
     }
 
     // Save the output time base
-    output_time_base = enc_ctx->time_base;
+    in_time_base = dec_ctx->time_base;
+    out_time_base = enc_ctx->time_base;
 
     return init_libplacebo(
         hw_ctx,
@@ -57,44 +62,43 @@ int LibplaceboFilter::init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVB
         &buffersrc_ctx,
         &buffersink_ctx,
         dec_ctx,
-        output_width,
-        output_height,
+        out_width,
+        out_height,
         shader_full_path
     );
 }
 
-int LibplaceboFilter::process_frame(AVFrame *input_frame, AVFrame **output_frame) {
+int LibplaceboFilter::process_frame(AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame) {
     int ret;
 
     // Get the filtered frame
-    *output_frame = av_frame_alloc();
-    if (*output_frame == nullptr) {
+    *out_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (*out_frame == nullptr) {
         spdlog::error("Failed to allocate output frame");
         return -1;
     }
 
     // Feed the frame to the filter graph
-    ret = av_buffersrc_add_frame(buffersrc_ctx, input_frame);
+    ret = av_buffersrc_add_frame(buffersrc_ctx, in_frame);
     if (ret < 0) {
         spdlog::error("Error while feeding the filter graph");
         return ret;
     }
 
-    ret = av_buffersink_get_frame(buffersink_ctx, *output_frame);
+    ret = av_buffersink_get_frame(buffersink_ctx, *out_frame);
     if (ret < 0) {
-        av_frame_free(output_frame);
+        av_frame_free(out_frame);
         return ret;
     }
 
     // Rescale PTS to encoder's time base
-    (*output_frame)->pts =
-        av_rescale_q((*output_frame)->pts, buffersink_ctx->inputs[0]->time_base, output_time_base);
+    (*out_frame)->pts = av_rescale_q((*out_frame)->pts, in_time_base, out_time_base);
 
     // Return the processed frame to the caller
     return 0;
 }
 
-int LibplaceboFilter::flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) {
+int LibplaceboFilter::flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &flushed_frames) {
     int ret = av_buffersrc_add_frame(buffersrc_ctx, nullptr);
     if (ret < 0) {
         spdlog::error("Error while flushing filter graph");
@@ -119,11 +123,10 @@ int LibplaceboFilter::flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) {
         }
 
         // Rescale PTS to encoder's time base
-        filt_frame->pts =
-            av_rescale_q(filt_frame->pts, buffersink_ctx->inputs[0]->time_base, output_time_base);
+        filt_frame->pts = av_rescale_q(filt_frame->pts, in_time_base, out_time_base);
 
         // Add to processed frames
-        processed_frames.push_back(filt_frame);
+        flushed_frames.push_back(filt_frame);
     }
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/src/libvideo2x.cpp b/src/libvideo2x.cpp
index 33725b3..b587c1d 100644
--- a/src/libvideo2x.cpp
+++ b/src/libvideo2x.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <spdlog/spdlog.h>
+#include <opencv2/videoio.hpp>
 
 #include "decoder.h"
 #include "encoder.h"
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@
  * @param[in] dec_ctx Decoder context
  * @param[in] enc_ctx Encoder context
  * @param[in] filter Filter instance
- * @param[in] video_stream_index Index of the video stream in the input format context
- * @param[in] stream_mapping Array mapping input stream indexes to output stream indexes
+ * @param[in] vstream_idx Index of the video stream in the input format context
+ * @param[in] stream_map Array mapping input stream indexes to output stream indexes
  * @param[in] benchmark Flag to enable benchmarking mode
  * @return int 0 on success, negative value on error
  */
@@ -37,8 +38,8 @@ int process_frames(
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *enc_ctx,
     Filter *filter,
-    int video_stream_index,
-    int *stream_mapping,
+    int vstream_idx,
+    int *stream_map,
     bool benchmark = false
 ) {
     int ret;
@@ -47,11 +48,12 @@ int process_frames(
     char errbuf[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
 
     // Get the total number of frames in the video
-    AVStream *video_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[video_stream_index];
+    AVStream *video_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[vstream_idx];
     proc_ctx->total_frames = video_stream->nb_frames;
 
-    // If nb_frames is not set, calculate total frames using duration and frame rate
+    // If nb_frames is not set, estimate total frames using duration and frame rate
     if (proc_ctx->total_frames == 0) {
+        spdlog::debug("`nb_frames` is not set; estimating total frames with duration*framerate");
         int64_t duration = video_stream->duration;
         AVRational frame_rate = video_stream->avg_frame_rate;
         if (duration != AV_NOPTS_VALUE && frame_rate.num != 0 && frame_rate.den != 0) {
@@ -59,6 +61,25 @@ int process_frames(
         }
     }
 
+    // If total_frames is still 0, read the total number of frames with OpenCV
+    if (proc_ctx->total_frames == 0) {
+        spdlog::debug("Unable to estimate total number of frames; reading with OpenCV");
+        cv::VideoCapture cap(ifmt_ctx->url);
+        if (!cap.isOpened()) {
+            spdlog::error("Failed to open video file with OpenCV");
+            return -1;
+        }
+        proc_ctx->total_frames = cap.get(cv::CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT);
+        cap.release();
+    }
+
+    // Check if the total number of frames is still 0
+    if (proc_ctx->total_frames == 0) {
+        spdlog::warn("Unable to determine total number of frames");
+    } else {
+        spdlog::debug("{} frames to process", proc_ctx->total_frames);
+    }
+
     // Get start time
     proc_ctx->start_time = time(NULL);
     if (proc_ctx->start_time == -1) {
@@ -75,10 +96,16 @@ int process_frames(
     while (!proc_ctx->abort) {
         ret = av_read_frame(ifmt_ctx, &packet);
         if (ret < 0) {
-            break;  // End of file or error
+            if (ret == AVERROR_EOF) {
+                spdlog::debug("Reached end of file");
+                break;
+            }
+            av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
+            spdlog::error("Error reading packet: {}", errbuf);
+            goto end;
         }
 
-        if (packet.stream_index == video_stream_index) {
+        if (packet.stream_index == vstream_idx) {
             // Send the packet to the decoder
             ret = avcodec_send_packet(dec_ctx, &packet);
             if (ret < 0) {
@@ -98,6 +125,7 @@ int process_frames(
 
                 ret = avcodec_receive_frame(dec_ctx, frame);
                 if (ret == AVERROR(EAGAIN) || ret == AVERROR_EOF) {
+                    spdlog::debug("Frame not ready");
                     break;
                 } else if (ret < 0) {
                     av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
@@ -111,9 +139,8 @@ int process_frames(
                 if (ret == 0 && processed_frame != nullptr) {
                     // Encode and write the processed frame
                     if (!benchmark) {
-                        ret = encode_and_write_frame(
-                            processed_frame, enc_ctx, ofmt_ctx, video_stream_index
-                        );
+                        ret =
+                            encode_and_write_frame(processed_frame, enc_ctx, ofmt_ctx, vstream_idx);
                         if (ret < 0) {
                             av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
                             spdlog::error("Error encoding/writing frame: {}", errbuf);
@@ -134,9 +161,9 @@ int process_frames(
                     "Processed frame {}/{}", proc_ctx->processed_frames, proc_ctx->total_frames
                 );
             }
-        } else if (encoder_config->copy_streams && stream_mapping[packet.stream_index] >= 0) {
+        } else if (encoder_config->copy_streams && stream_map[packet.stream_index] >= 0) {
             AVStream *in_stream = ifmt_ctx->streams[packet.stream_index];
-            int out_stream_index = stream_mapping[packet.stream_index];
+            int out_stream_index = stream_map[packet.stream_index];
             AVStream *out_stream = ofmt_ctx->streams[out_stream_index];
 
             // Rescale packet timestamps
@@ -165,7 +192,7 @@ int process_frames(
 
     // Encode and write all flushed frames
     for (AVFrame *&flushed_frame : flushed_frames) {
-        ret = encode_and_write_frame(flushed_frame, enc_ctx, ofmt_ctx, video_stream_index);
+        ret = encode_and_write_frame(flushed_frame, enc_ctx, ofmt_ctx, vstream_idx);
         if (ret < 0) {
             av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
             spdlog::error("Error encoding/writing flushed frame: {}", errbuf);
@@ -203,7 +230,7 @@ void cleanup(
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx,
     AVCodecContext *enc_ctx,
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx,
-    int *stream_mapping,
+    int *stream_map,
     Filter *filter
 ) {
     if (ifmt_ctx) {
@@ -224,8 +251,8 @@ void cleanup(
     if (hw_ctx) {
         av_buffer_unref(&hw_ctx);
     }
-    if (stream_mapping) {
-        av_free(stream_mapping);
+    if (stream_map) {
+        av_free(stream_map);
     }
     if (filter) {
         delete filter;
@@ -235,8 +262,8 @@ void cleanup(
 /**
  * @brief Process a video file using the selected filter and encoder settings.
  *
- * @param[in] input_filename Path to the input video file
- * @param[in] output_filename Path to the output video file
+ * @param[in] in_fname Path to the input video file
+ * @param[in] out_fname Path to the output video file
  * @param[in] log_level Log level
  * @param[in] benchmark Flag to enable benchmarking mode
  * @param[in] hw_type Hardware device type
@@ -246,8 +273,8 @@ void cleanup(
  * @return int 0 on success, non-zero value on error
  */
 extern "C" int process_video(
-    const char *input_filename,
-    const char *output_filename,
+    const char *in_fname,
+    const char *out_fname,
     Libvideo2xLogLevel log_level,
     bool benchmark,
     AVHWDeviceType hw_type,
@@ -260,9 +287,9 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     AVCodecContext *dec_ctx = nullptr;
     AVCodecContext *enc_ctx = nullptr;
     AVBufferRef *hw_ctx = nullptr;
-    int *stream_mapping = nullptr;
+    int *stream_map = nullptr;
     Filter *filter = nullptr;
-    int video_stream_index = -1;
+    int vstream_idx = -1;
     char errbuf[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
     int ret = 0;
 
@@ -313,11 +340,11 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     }
 
     // Initialize input
-    ret = init_decoder(hw_type, hw_ctx, input_filename, &ifmt_ctx, &dec_ctx, &video_stream_index);
+    ret = init_decoder(hw_type, hw_ctx, in_fname, &ifmt_ctx, &dec_ctx, &vstream_idx);
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::error("Failed to initialize decoder: {}", errbuf);
-        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -325,33 +352,34 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     int output_width = 0, output_height = 0;
     switch (filter_config->filter_type) {
         case FILTER_LIBPLACEBO:
-            output_width = filter_config->config.libplacebo.output_width;
-            output_height = filter_config->config.libplacebo.output_height;
+            output_width = filter_config->config.libplacebo.out_width;
+            output_height = filter_config->config.libplacebo.out_height;
             break;
         case FILTER_REALESRGAN:
             // Calculate the output dimensions based on the scaling factor
             output_width = dec_ctx->width * filter_config->config.realesrgan.scaling_factor;
             output_height = dec_ctx->height * filter_config->config.realesrgan.scaling_factor;
     }
+    spdlog::info("Output video dimensions: {}x{}", output_width, output_height);
 
     // Initialize output encoder
-    encoder_config->output_width = output_width;
-    encoder_config->output_height = output_height;
+    encoder_config->out_width = output_width;
+    encoder_config->out_height = output_height;
     ret = init_encoder(
         hw_ctx,
-        output_filename,
+        out_fname,
         ifmt_ctx,
         &ofmt_ctx,
         &enc_ctx,
         dec_ctx,
         encoder_config,
-        video_stream_index,
-        &stream_mapping
+        vstream_idx,
+        &stream_map
     );
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::error("Failed to initialize encoder: {}", errbuf);
-        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -360,7 +388,7 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::error("Error occurred when opening output file: {}", errbuf);
-        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -372,19 +400,19 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
             // Validate shader path
             if (!config.shader_path) {
                 spdlog::error("Shader path must be provided for the libplacebo filter");
-                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
                 return -1;
             }
 
             // Validate output dimensions
-            if (config.output_width <= 0 || config.output_height <= 0) {
+            if (config.out_width <= 0 || config.out_height <= 0) {
                 spdlog::error("Output dimensions must be provided for the libplacebo filter");
-                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
                 return -1;
             }
 
             filter = new LibplaceboFilter{
-                config.output_width, config.output_height, std::filesystem::path(config.shader_path)
+                config.out_width, config.out_height, std::filesystem::path(config.shader_path)
             };
             break;
         }
@@ -394,14 +422,14 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
             // Validate model name
             if (!config.model) {
                 spdlog::error("Model name must be provided for the RealESRGAN filter");
-                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
                 return -1;
             }
 
             // Validate scaling factor
             if (config.scaling_factor <= 0) {
                 spdlog::error("Scaling factor must be provided for the RealESRGAN filter");
-                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+                cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
                 return -1;
             }
 
@@ -412,7 +440,7 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
         }
         default:
             spdlog::error("Unknown filter type");
-            cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+            cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
             return -1;
     }
 
@@ -421,7 +449,7 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::error("Failed to initialize filter: {}", errbuf);
-        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -434,14 +462,14 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
         dec_ctx,
         enc_ctx,
         filter,
-        video_stream_index,
-        stream_mapping,
+        vstream_idx,
+        stream_map,
         benchmark
     );
     if (ret < 0) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
         spdlog::error("Error processing frames: {}", errbuf);
-        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+        cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -449,7 +477,7 @@ extern "C" int process_video(
     av_write_trailer(ofmt_ctx);
 
     // Cleanup before returning
-    cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_mapping, filter);
+    cleanup(ifmt_ctx, ofmt_ctx, dec_ctx, enc_ctx, hw_ctx, stream_map, filter);
 
     if (ret < 0 && ret != AVERROR_EOF) {
         av_strerror(ret, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
diff --git a/src/realesrgan_filter.cpp b/src/realesrgan_filter.cpp
index 5c265bb..db83b15 100644
--- a/src/realesrgan_filter.cpp
+++ b/src/realesrgan_filter.cpp
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ int RealesrganFilter::init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVB
     realesrgan = new RealESRGAN(gpuid, tta_mode);
 
     // Store the time bases
-    input_time_base = dec_ctx->time_base;
-    output_time_base = enc_ctx->time_base;
-    output_pix_fmt = enc_ctx->pix_fmt;
+    in_time_base = dec_ctx->time_base;
+    out_time_base = enc_ctx->time_base;
+    out_pix_fmt = enc_ctx->pix_fmt;
 
     // Load the model
     if (realesrgan->load(model_param_full_path, model_bin_full_path) != 0) {
@@ -100,38 +100,33 @@ int RealesrganFilter::init(AVCodecContext *dec_ctx, AVCodecContext *enc_ctx, AVB
     return 0;
 }
 
-int RealesrganFilter::process_frame(AVFrame *input_frame, AVFrame **output_frame) {
+int RealesrganFilter::process_frame(AVFrame *in_frame, AVFrame **out_frame) {
     int ret;
 
     // Convert the input frame to RGB24
-    ncnn::Mat input_mat = avframe_to_ncnn_mat(input_frame);
-    if (input_mat.empty()) {
+    ncnn::Mat in_mat = avframe_to_ncnn_mat(in_frame);
+    if (in_mat.empty()) {
         spdlog::error("Failed to convert AVFrame to ncnn::Mat");
         return -1;
     }
 
     // Allocate space for ouptut ncnn::Mat
-    int output_width = input_mat.w * realesrgan->scale;
-    int output_height = input_mat.h * realesrgan->scale;
-    ncnn::Mat output_mat = ncnn::Mat(output_width, output_height, (size_t)3, 3);
+    int output_width = in_mat.w * realesrgan->scale;
+    int output_height = in_mat.h * realesrgan->scale;
+    ncnn::Mat out_mat = ncnn::Mat(output_width, output_height, (size_t)3, 3);
 
-    ret = realesrgan->process(input_mat, output_mat);
+    ret = realesrgan->process(in_mat, out_mat);
     if (ret != 0) {
         spdlog::error("RealESRGAN processing failed");
         return ret;
     }
 
     // Convert ncnn::Mat to AVFrame
-    *output_frame = ncnn_mat_to_avframe(output_mat, output_pix_fmt);
+    *out_frame = ncnn_mat_to_avframe(out_mat, out_pix_fmt);
 
     // Rescale PTS to encoder's time base
-    (*output_frame)->pts = av_rescale_q(input_frame->pts, input_time_base, output_time_base);
+    (*out_frame)->pts = av_rescale_q(in_frame->pts, in_time_base, out_time_base);
 
     // Return the processed frame to the caller
     return ret;
 }
-
-int RealesrganFilter::flush(std::vector<AVFrame *> &processed_frames) {
-    // No special flushing needed for RealESRGAN
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/src/video2x.c b/src/video2x.c
index 04552c4..184429f 100644
--- a/src/video2x.c
+++ b/src/video2x.c
@@ -22,23 +22,6 @@
 
 #include "getopt.h"
 
-// Set UNIX terminal input to non-blocking mode
-#ifndef _WIN32
-void set_nonblocking_input(bool enable) {
-    static struct termios oldt, newt;
-    if (enable) {
-        tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
-        newt = oldt;
-        newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
-        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
-        fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
-    } else {
-        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
-        fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, 0);
-    }
-}
-#endif
-
 // Define command line options
 static struct option long_options[] = {
     {"loglevel", required_argument, NULL, 0},
@@ -73,13 +56,23 @@ static struct option long_options[] = {
     {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
+// List of valid RealESRGAN models
+const char *valid_realesrgan_models[] = {
+    "realesrgan-plus",
+    "realesrgan-plus-anime",
+    "realesr-animevideov3",
+};
+
+// Indicate if a newline needs to be printed before the next output
+bool newline_required = false;
+
 // Structure to hold parsed arguments
 struct arguments {
     // General options
     const char *loglevel;
     bool noprogress;
-    const char *input_filename;
-    const char *output_filename;
+    const char *in_fname;
+    const char *out_fname;
     const char *filter_type;
     const char *hwaccel;
     bool nocopystreams;
@@ -94,8 +87,8 @@ struct arguments {
 
     // libplacebo options
     const char *shader_path;
-    int output_width;
-    int output_height;
+    int out_width;
+    int out_height;
 
     // RealESRGAN options
     int gpuid;
@@ -111,18 +104,38 @@ struct ProcessVideoThreadArguments {
     struct VideoProcessingContext *proc_ctx;
 };
 
-const char *valid_models[] = {
-    "realesrgan-plus",
-    "realesrgan-plus-anime",
-    "realesr-animevideov3",
-};
+// Set UNIX terminal input to non-blocking mode
+#ifndef _WIN32
+void set_nonblocking_input(bool enable) {
+    static struct termios oldt, newt;
+    if (enable) {
+        tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &oldt);
+        newt = oldt;
+        newt.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
+        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &newt);
+        fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
+    } else {
+        tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &oldt);
+        fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFL, 0);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+// Newline-safe log callback for FFmpeg
+void newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback(void *ptr, int level, const char *fmt, va_list vl) {
+    if (level <= av_log_get_level() && newline_required) {
+        putchar('\n');
+        newline_required = false;
+    }
+    av_log_default_callback(ptr, level, fmt, vl);
+}
 
 int is_valid_realesrgan_model(const char *model) {
     if (!model) {
         return 0;
     }
-    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(valid_models) / sizeof(valid_models[0]); i++) {
-        if (strcmp(model, valid_models[i]) == 0) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(valid_realesrgan_models) / sizeof(valid_realesrgan_models[0]); i++) {
+        if (strcmp(model, valid_realesrgan_models[i]) == 0) {
             return 1;
         }
     }
@@ -175,8 +188,8 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
     // Default argument values
     arguments->loglevel = "info";
     arguments->noprogress = false;
-    arguments->input_filename = NULL;
-    arguments->output_filename = NULL;
+    arguments->in_fname = NULL;
+    arguments->out_fname = NULL;
     arguments->filter_type = NULL;
     arguments->hwaccel = "none";
     arguments->nocopystreams = false;
@@ -191,8 +204,8 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
 
     // libplacebo options
     arguments->shader_path = NULL;
-    arguments->output_width = 0;
-    arguments->output_height = 0;
+    arguments->out_width = 0;
+    arguments->out_height = 0;
 
     // RealESRGAN options
     arguments->gpuid = 0;
@@ -204,10 +217,10 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
             )) != -1) {
         switch (c) {
             case 'i':
-                arguments->input_filename = optarg;
+                arguments->in_fname = optarg;
                 break;
             case 'o':
-                arguments->output_filename = optarg;
+                arguments->out_fname = optarg;
                 break;
             case 'f':
                 arguments->filter_type = optarg;
@@ -242,15 +255,15 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
                 arguments->shader_path = optarg;
                 break;
             case 'w':
-                arguments->output_width = atoi(optarg);
-                if (arguments->output_width <= 0) {
+                arguments->out_width = atoi(optarg);
+                if (arguments->out_width <= 0) {
                     fprintf(stderr, "Error: Output width must be greater than 0.\n");
                     exit(1);
                 }
                 break;
             case 'h':
-                arguments->output_height = atoi(optarg);
-                if (arguments->output_height <= 0) {
+                arguments->out_height = atoi(optarg);
+                if (arguments->out_height <= 0) {
                     fprintf(stderr, "Error: Output height must be greater than 0.\n");
                     exit(1);
                 }
@@ -301,12 +314,12 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
     }
 
     // Check for required arguments
-    if (!arguments->input_filename) {
+    if (!arguments->in_fname) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: Input file path is required.\n");
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    if (!arguments->output_filename && !arguments->benchmark) {
+    if (!arguments->out_fname && !arguments->benchmark) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: Output file path is required.\n");
         exit(1);
     }
@@ -317,8 +330,7 @@ void parse_arguments(int argc, char **argv, struct arguments *arguments) {
     }
 
     if (strcmp(arguments->filter_type, "libplacebo") == 0) {
-        if (!arguments->shader_path || arguments->output_width == 0 ||
-            arguments->output_height == 0) {
+        if (!arguments->shader_path || arguments->out_width == 0 || arguments->out_height == 0) {
             fprintf(
                 stderr,
                 "Error: For libplacebo, shader name/path (-s), width (-w), "
@@ -371,8 +383,8 @@ int process_video_thread(void *arg) {
 
     // Call the process_video function
     int result = process_video(
-        arguments->input_filename,
-        arguments->output_filename,
+        arguments->in_fname,
+        arguments->out_fname,
         log_level,
         arguments->benchmark,
         hw_device_type,
@@ -400,8 +412,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     struct FilterConfig filter_config;
     if (strcmp(arguments.filter_type, "libplacebo") == 0) {
         filter_config.filter_type = FILTER_LIBPLACEBO;
-        filter_config.config.libplacebo.output_width = arguments.output_width;
-        filter_config.config.libplacebo.output_height = arguments.output_height;
+        filter_config.config.libplacebo.out_width = arguments.out_width;
+        filter_config.config.libplacebo.out_height = arguments.out_height;
         filter_config.config.libplacebo.shader_path = arguments.shader_path;
     } else if (strcmp(arguments.filter_type, "realesrgan") == 0) {
         filter_config.filter_type = FILTER_REALESRGAN;
@@ -433,8 +445,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 
     // Setup encoder configuration
     struct EncoderConfig encoder_config = {
-        .output_width = 0,   // To be filled by libvideo2x
-        .output_height = 0,  // To be filled by libvideo2x
+        .out_width = 0,   // To be filled by libvideo2x
+        .out_height = 0,  // To be filled by libvideo2x
         .copy_streams = !arguments.nocopystreams,
         .codec = codec->id,
         .pix_fmt = pix_fmt,
@@ -472,6 +484,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         .proc_ctx = &proc_ctx
     };
 
+    // Register a newline-safe log callback for FFmpeg
+    // This will ensure that log messages are printed on a new line after the progress bar
+    av_log_set_callback(newline_safe_ffmpeg_log_callback);
+
     // Create a thread for video processing
     thrd_t processing_thread;
     if (thrd_create(&processing_thread, process_video_thread, &thread_args) != thrd_success) {
@@ -509,8 +525,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
             }
         } else if (ch == 'q' || ch == 'Q') {
             // Abort processing
-            printf("Aborting processing...\n");
+            printf("\nAborting processing...\n");
             proc_ctx.abort = true;
+            newline_required = false;
             break;
         }
 
@@ -526,10 +543,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
                 time(NULL) - proc_ctx.start_time
             );
             fflush(stdout);
+            newline_required = true;
         }
 
         // Sleep for 50ms
-        thrd_sleep(&(struct timespec){.tv_sec = 0, .tv_nsec = 50000000}, NULL);
+        thrd_sleep(&(struct timespec){.tv_sec = 0, .tv_nsec = 100000000}, NULL);
     }
 
 // Restore terminal to blocking mode
@@ -542,18 +560,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     thrd_join(processing_thread, &process_result);
 
     // Print a newline if progress bar was displayed
-    if (!arguments.noprogress && process_result == 0) {
-        puts("");
+    if (newline_required) {
+        putchar('\n');
     }
 
+    // Print final message based on processing result
     if (proc_ctx.abort) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Video processing aborted\n");
         return 2;
-    }
-
-    if (process_result != 0) {
+    } else if (process_result != 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Video processing failed\n");
         return process_result;
+    } else {
+        printf("Video processing completed successfully\n");
     }
 
     // Calculate statistics
@@ -563,14 +582,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 
     // Print processing summary
     printf("====== Video2X %s summary ======\n", arguments.benchmark ? "Benchmark" : "Processing");
-    printf("Video file processed: %s\n", arguments.input_filename);
+    printf("Video file processed: %s\n", arguments.in_fname);
     printf("Total frames processed: %ld\n", proc_ctx.processed_frames);
     printf("Total time taken: %lds\n", time_elapsed);
     printf("Average processing speed: %.2f FPS\n", average_speed_fps);
 
     // Print additional information if not in benchmark mode
     if (!arguments.benchmark) {
-        printf("Output written to: %s\n", arguments.output_filename);
+        printf("Output written to: %s\n", arguments.out_fname);
     }
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/third_party/opencv b/third_party/opencv
new file mode 160000
index 0000000..71d3237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/opencv
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 71d3237a093b60a27601c20e9ee6c3e52154e8b1